QRM study

Acquisition of Knowledge

Knowledge can be gained through intuition, authority, rationalism, empiricism, and scientific methods.

Pseudoscience

Beliefs that claim to be scientific but lack essential features of science.

Basic Research

Research conducted to enhance understanding of behavior for its own sake.

Applied Research

Research aimed at solving practical problems.

Skepticism

The practice of seeking evidence and considering alternatives before accepting claims.

Tolerance for Uncertainty

Withholding judgment when evidence is insufficient.

Cyclical Model of Research

A model where research begins with a question, proceeds to an empirical study, and culminates in published results.

Research Literature

Comprises published articles and books essential for refining research questions and methods.

Interestingness

A factor in evaluating research questions, considering if the answer is in doubt and its practical implications.

Feasibility

The assessment of time, money, technical skills, and access to participants in research planning.

Theory vs. Hypothesis

A theory explains broader phenomena, while a hypothesis predicts outcomes of specific studies.

Hypothetico-Deductive Method

The approach where psychologists derive, test, and reevaluate hypotheses from theories.

Experimental Research

Research that manipulates an independent variable to observe effects on a dependent variable.

Non-experimental Research

Research that observes variables as they naturally occur.

Descriptive Statistics

Measures of central tendency and dispersion, such as mean, median, mode, range, and standard deviation.

Inferential Statistics

Statistics that determine significance and assess error types like Type I and Type II.

Ethical Principles

Guidelines for weighing risks against benefits and respecting participant dignity.

Informed Consent

The process of informing participants about study details and obtaining their agreement to participate.

Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)

Committees that review research involving human participants to ensure compliance with ethical standards.

Deception in Research

The allowance of deception under specific conditions where benefits outweigh risks, followed by debriefing.

Ongoing Ethical Responsibilities

Researchers must monitor participant reactions and maintain confidentiality throughout the research process.