Ch 3 Learning Objectives

Describe the purposes of health-related physical fitness testing

• collecting baseline data and educating individuals

• providing data that are helpful in the development of individual exercise programs

• collecting follow-up data allow short- and long-term evaluation of progress

• motivational for individuals by establishing attainable goals

Explain the steps in taking blood pressure

• subject should be sitting for 5 minutes in an upright position, legs uncrossed

• wrap arm cuff around upper arm at heart level

• place stethoscope over brachial artery

• inflate cuff pressure to 20mmHg above the first Korotkoff sound

• SBP is the point of the first Korotkoff sound and DBP is the last Korotkoff sound

• two measurements should be made and averaged

Explain the potential sources of error in taking blood pressure

• inaccurate sphygmomanometer

• improper cuff size

• faulty equipment

• improper stethoscope placement

• background noise

State several chronic diseases or conditions associated with obesity

• T2DM

• hypertension

• metabolic syndrome

• CVD

• cancers

Categorize someone's BMI as underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese

• underweight: <18.5

• normal weight: 18.5 - 24.9

• overweight: 25-29.9

• obesity class 1: 30-34.9

• obesity class 2: 35-39.9

• obesity class 3: >40

Explain the limitations of BMI with respect to body composition

BMI fails to distinguish between fat free mass, fat mass and bone density

gynoid obesity

characterized by more fat distributed in the hip/thigh’s region

android obesity

characterized by more fat on the trunk of body (abdominal fat)

Define and differentiate visceral from subcutaneous fat and indicate which type is more closely associated with metabolic syndrome.

• visceral fat is stored around the organs, this is more associated with metabolic syndrome

• subcutaneous fat is just below the surface of the skin

Explain why the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) is preferred to measure like BMI

Used as an indicator of obesity-related health risk as central obesity is a primary health concern. And because it measures where fat is stored. As waist circumference is a proxy for combination visceral fat and abdominal fat because increased visceral adipose increases the risk of obesity related disease

Define cardiorespiratory fitness and explain its relationship to VO2max

the ability to perform large muscle, dynamic, submaximal intensity exercise for prolonged periods of time. VO2 max is a measure of CRF.

Describe a VO2 plateau and secondary criteria for determining VO2max

A way to identify if someone has reached their true physiologic limit, when the volume of oxygen consumed per min is steady in progressive exercise test.

• heart rate: +10beats/min

• blood lactate concentration: >8mM

• respiratory exchange rate: 1.00,1.10 or 1.15

Determine when to use a maximal or submaximal CRF test

the use of maximal and submaximal CRF test depends on the reason for the test, risk level of individual and availability of proper equipment

• maximal tests require individual to exercise to the point of volitional fatigue which is not always feasible for some individuals

strengths, limitation, and assumptions of maximal CRF exercise testing

• strengths

  • gold standard for CRF testing

  • high accuracy

• limitations

  • safety concerns

  • expensive equipment

strengths, limitation, and assumptions of submaximal CRF exercise testing

• strengths

  • lower cost

  • reduced risk for adverse events

  • require less time and effort

• limitation

  • not as precise as maximal

  • having accurate heart rate measurements is critical

muscular power

muscle’s ability to exert force per unit of time

Muscular endurance

muscle’s ability to perform successive exertions against a submaximal load

Muscular strength

muscle’s ability to exert maximal force

Define flexibility

ability to move a joint, pain free through it’s complete range of motion