Biology Exam 2

CC - BIO 105, photosynthesis, cells, membrane, cell respiration

Write out the chemical equation for photosynthesis.

6 CO2 + 6 H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Where does the light dependent reaction take place?

Thylakoid membrane

Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?

Stroma

What are the primary products of non-cyclic electron flow?

O2, ATP, NADPH

What is the waste product of non-cyclic election flow?

oxygen (O2)

How is that waste product (O2) produced?

Splitting water (H2O)

What is the only product of cyclic electron flow?

ATP

How many ATP and NADPH does it take to make one glucose molecule?

18 ATP, 12 NADPH

How many carbon dioxides and turns of the Calvin cycle does it take to make one glucose molecule?

6 CO2, 6 turns

What is it called when plants lose water?

Transrespiration

What structure is involved with that water loss?

Stomata

What is oxidized and reduced in photosynthesis?

Water oxidized to oxygen, carbon dioxide reduced to glucose

Can bacteria photosynthesis? If so, how?

Cyanobacteria can use light energy to turn carbon dioxide & water into glucose

Know the colors of the visible spectrum, their corresponding wavelength (like green, 550nm)

Red-660nm Orange-600nm Yellow-580nm Green-550nm Blue-440nm Violet-400nm

The colors/wavelengths that drive photosynthesis the most?

Red-660nm & Blue-440nm

What are antenna (accessory) pigments, and what is their function?

Molecules that absorb light & pass that energy to reaction center

What reaction(s) involves only Photosystem I, and what reaction(s) involves both Photosystem II and I?

Cyclic electron flow uses photosystem I, Non-cyclic electron flow uses photosystem II & photosystem I

What is the role of ATP synthase? Where are they located?

They make enzymes and are located at the thylakoid membrane

In chloroplasts, chemiosmosis translocates protons from?

Stroma to thylakoid space through ATP synthase to make ATP

Where do plants get the carbon needed for the production of glucose?

Plants absorb CO2 from the atmosphere

Obviously, plants can only photosynthesize in the light, but when do plants respire?

Day and night

CAM plants keep stomata closed in daytime and open during the night. Why?

To adapt in hot, dry environments

Differences between Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles & nucleus. Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles & nucleus.

What 3 structures are common to all living cells?

DNA, plasma membrane, cytoplasm

Identify 3 structures found in plants but not in animal cells?

Cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole

Identify the "fluid" of a Eukaryotic cell.

Cytosol

Identify the region between the nuclear membrane and the plasma membrane.

Cytoplasm

List in the correct order the movement of a "protein" via the endomembrane system (the organelles involved) that's going to leave the cell.

1. nuclear envelope (membrane) 2. endoplasmic reticulum (rough & smooth) 3. transport vesicles 4. Golgi apparatus complex 5. lysosomes 6. vacuoles 7. plasma membrane

How are chloroplast and mitochondria similar?

doubled membrane cellular organelle, circular DNA, ribosomes

What evidence supports the theory that chloroplast and mitochondria are evolved prokaryotic organisms?

Eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes about 2 billion years ago

Nucleus

Double membrane structure contains genetic material

Nucleolus

In nucleus contains RNA & proteins; synthesis of ribosomal RNA & ribosomal subunits

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Connects to membrane, studded with ribosomes to produce proteins

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Lacks ribosomes, production of steroid hormones, detoxification (alcohol, drugs, poisons)

Transport Vesicle

Membrane organelle transits materials from one site of cell to another

Golgi Apparatus

Packages membrane-bound vesicles before sent to destination

Secretory Vesicle

Mediates cargo (hormones, neurotransmitters) from organelle to sites at cell membrane - docks & fuses to release content

Lysosome

Membrane enclosed bag of hydrolytic enzymes, participates in phagocytosis & autophagy

Peroxisome

Produces & degrades hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

Centrioles

Opposite ends of cell, attached with aster fibers

Mitochondria

Double membrane cellular organelle with circular DNA; site of cellular respiration

Central Vacuole

Mature plant cells that store water

Chloroplast

Double membrane cellular organelle, circular DNA; site of photosynthesis

Ribosomes

Minute particles consists of RNA & proteins, found in cytoplasm of living cells

Movement of molecules within a cell, and from inside of a cell to the outside of cell.

Exocytosis & endocytosis

How do cells move (list three forms of locomotion)?

Flagella, cilia, pseudopodia

Definition of simple diffusion

Net movement of a substance down a concentration gradient from area of high concentration to area of low concentration

Definition of dialysis diffusion

Net movement of a substance down a concentration gradient from area of high concentration to low concentration through a semi-permeable membrane

Definition of osmosis (osmotic pressure)

Water (solvent) molecules diffuse through permeable membrane from area of high water concentration to low water concentration

Passive Transport

Net movement of a substance down a concentration gradient from area of high concentration to area of low concentration without using atp

Facilitate diffusion

Net movement of a substance down a concentration gradient from area of high concentration to area of low concentration facilitated by proteins

Active transport

Movement of molecules (small or large) across the plasma membrane against concentration in which energy (ATP) is required

What is in a solution?

Solvent + Solute = Solution

What happens with animal cells (like blood cells) placed into hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solutions?

Hypotonic: Hemolysis, Hypertonic: Crenate, Isotonic: Normal

What is hemolysis and crenation?

Hemolysis is explosive destruction of blood cells, crenation is the shriveling of cells

What happens with a plant placed into a hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solution?

Hypotonic: Turgid, Hypertonic: Plasmolysis, Isotonic: Flaccid

Turgid

Firmness and tension in the cell wall

Turgor

Pressure exerted by water molecules against cell wall

Plasmolysis

The pulling away from the cell wall

Is simple diffusion, dialysis, and osmosis active or passive diffusion and why?

Passive diffusion because they don't use ATP to move substances down a concentration gradient

What is it called when ions move against their concentration gradient?

Active transportation

What type of diffusion is utilized when ATP Synthase is used?

Facilitated diffusion

What is phagocytosis? Is it passive or active transport?

Cell eating, active transport

What is pinocytosis? Is it passive or active transport?

Cell drinking, active transport

What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?

Endocytosis is energy requiring movement of molecules into cell, Exocytosis is energy requiring movement of molecules out of cell

Know what a phospholipid is and why it forms a bilayer.

Major membrane lipids that form bilayer because of their hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

What does semipermeable (or selectively permeable) mean?

Property of membranes which allows some substances to cross more easily than others

Phospholipids

Major component of membranes - protective barrier of cell membrane

Proteins

Molecules made of 20 amino acids - transport molecules across membrane

Cholesterol

major lipid of membrane; regulates membrane fluidity by making it less soluble

Carbohydrates

3rd major component of membrane; cell recognition & adhesion

Write out the chemical equation for cell respiration.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Where does glycolysis take place and when does it happen?

Cytosol, occurs in aerobic & anaerobic

What is the net product yield of glycolysis?

2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 Pyruvate Acids

How is the ATP made in glycolysis?

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Identify the end products of the grooming phase

2 CO2, 2 NADH, 2 Acetyl CoA

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

Mitochondrial matrix

Where are the enzymes needed for the Krebs cycle located?

Mitochondrial matrix

Identify the end products of 2 turns of the Krebs cycle

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2

How is the ATP made the Krebs cycle?

Substrate-level phosphorylation

What is the final electron acceptor in electron transport chain (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation (OP)?

Oxygen (O2)

What oxidizes the NADH and FADH2 in ETC and oxidation phosphorylation?

Oxygen (O2)

How many ATP do we get from each NADH and each FADH2?

NADH: 3 ATP, FADH2: 2 ATP

Why do prokaryotic cells produce more ATP than eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic cells have a simpler cellular structure & lack membrane-bound organelles

End products of Alcohol fermentation.

2 ATP, 2 CO2, 2 Ethanol’s

End products of Lactic Acid fermentation.

2 ATP, 2 Lactic Acid

What food products can be broken-down for ATP production via cellular respiration?

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids

Where/What makes most of the ATP during cellular respiration?

Electron transport chain & oxidative phosphorylation

Where does the reduction of oxygen to form water take place?

inner mitochondrial membrane

What is oxidized and reduced in cell respiration?

Glucose got oxidized to carbon dioxide, oxygen got reduced to water

Carbon dioxide is released during which stages of cellular respiration?

Krebs cycle

Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase located?

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Why is the inner mitochondrial membrane folded (called cristae) and the outer membrane not folded?

To increase surface area for greater ATP production. The outer membrane serves as a boundary.

If prokaryotes can respire, where does electron transport chain happen?

plasma membrane

The ATP made during both fermentation processes is generated by ___

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Two theories of cellular evolution.

Endosymbiotic theory – cells evolved by multiple cells joined together; Autogenous theory – eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells

C4 plants and its adaptations for photorespiration.

separates CO2 & calvin cycle in space

CAM plants and its adaptations for photorespiration.

separates CO2 & calvin cycle by time (day & night)