urbanization

our former view of wilderness became

our view of inner cities; hostile, scary, and dangerous

cities defined by

population, density, and economic function

cities developed due to

neolithic surplus from agriculture, prime locations, trade, exchange of ideas, more efficiency

which countries tend to be more urban

wealthy

Howard Ebenezer's garden cities

get people into the country, connection of central city to other places with canals and railroads, land use separation of home and work

Frank Lloyd Wright's broadacre city

each family gets an acre of land, and can move around in futuristic flying pods

le corbusier's radiant city

just towers in a park, high rises that would disrupt Paris’s normal low rise profile

ideas of urban renewal were manifested in

highway costruction. e.g. tunneling of Ville-Marie Expy

Marchetti constant

people have always lived so work and home are 30 min or less apart

as the speed of dominant trasnporation increases, so does

the physical radius of the city

urban form

number of physical features and other characteristics e.g. size, shape, scale, density, land use, types of buildings

urban sprawl

rapid expansion of the geographic extent of settlements

policy drivers of urban sprawl

low-density zoning, taxes and regulations that favour private transportation

taxes on private car use often fail to incorporate

the social costs of air pollution, climate change, and congestion into the individual costs

in low density areas, there is an increase in per-use costs of

providing public services

per capita, NYC has the least

GHG emissions and electricity use

unconscious environmentalism

what happens in NYC because it is just the best way to live, woven into the urban fabric