A&P OpenStax Chapter 9: Joints Flashcards

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering structural and functional classifications of joints, synovial joint anatomy, body movements, joint types, and common joint pathologies from A&P OpenStax Chapter 9.

Articulations

Interconnections where two bones interconnect, also known as joints.

Fibrous joints

Joints held together by fibrous connective tissues that lack cartilage and possess no cavity between the bones; classified as synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic.

Cartilaginous joints

Joints held together by fibrous connective tissues such as ligaments that possess either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage; classified as synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic.

Synovial joints

Complex diarthrotic joints held together by fibrous connective tissues, hyaline cartilage and/or fibrocartilage, and possessing a joint cavity.

Synarthrosis

A functional joint classification in which no movement is permitted and bony edges are close together or interlocked.

Amphiarthrosis

A functional joint classification in which only slight movement is permitted.

Diarthrosis

A functional joint classification referring to freely moveable joints that provide a wide range of motion.

Sutures

Synarthrotic joints located only between the bones of the skull, bound together by dense fibrous connective tissue.

Syndesmosis

An amphiarthrotic joint where bones are connected by an interosseous ligament, such as the distal tibiofibular joint.

Gomphosis

A synarthrotic 'peg-in-socket' joint found on the maxillae and mandible where teeth are fixed in sockets by a periodontal ligament.

Synchondrosis

A synarthrotic joint united by a rigid hyaline cartilage bridge, such as the epiphyseal plate or the connection between the first rib pair and manubrium.

Symphysis

An amphiarthrotic joint where articulating bones are separated by a wedge or pad of fibrocartilage, such as an intervertebral disc or the pubic symphysis.

Synovial fluid

A clear, viscous fluid derived from blood that provides lubrication, nutrient distribution, and shock absorption inside a synovial joint cavity.

Joint capsule

Dense fibrous connective tissues enclosing the synovial cavity, composed of an outer fibrous capsule and an inner synovial membrane.

Bursa

A small, fluid-filled pocket that forms in connective tissue to cushion synovial joints.

Meniscus

A pad of fibrous cartilage located between opposing bones within a synovial joint.

Flexion

An angular movement within the anterior-posterior plane that reduces the angle between articulating elements.

Extension

An angular movement within the anterior-posterior plane that increases the angle between articulating elements.

Dorsiflexion

Flexion at the ankle joint elevating the sole so toes point up and heel moves down.

Plantar flexion

Movement opposite to dorsiflexion that extends the ankle and elevates the heel so toes point down.

Abduction

An angular movement within the lateral-medial plane that moves a body part away from the longitudinal axis.

Adduction

An angular movement within the lateral-medial plane that moves a body part toward the longitudinal axis.

Supination

Movement in anatomical position where the radius and ulna lie parallel in the forearm and the palm faces anteriorly.

Pronation

Movement where the radius rotates across the anterior surface of the ulna so the bones cross and the palm faces posteriorly.

Inversion

A twist motion of the foot that turns the sole inward, elevating the medial edge of the sole.

Eversion

A twist motion of the foot that turns the sole outward, elevating the lateral edge of the sole.

Plane joints

Non-axial joints with flat articular surfaces allowing short gliding movements, also called gliding joints.

Hinge joints

Uniaxial joints where a cylindrical projection of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another bone.

Pivot joints

Uniaxial joints where a rounded end of one bone protrudes into a sleeve or ring composed of bone or ligament.

Condyloid joints

Biaxial joints, also known as ellipsoid joints, where an oval articular surface fits into a complementary depression.

Saddle joints

Biaxial joints where concave and convex areas on articulating surfaces fit together, such as the first carpometacarpal joint.

Ball and socket joints

Multi-axial joints where a spherical end of one bone articulates with a cuplike socket of another bone.

Sprain

The stretching or tearing of a ligament across a joint capsule.

Dislocation

Also called a luxation; a joint injury occurring when extreme stresses force articulating surfaces out of position.

Subluxation

A partial dislocation of a joint.

Osteopenia

Inadequate ossification of bone beginning between ages 30 and 40 as osteoblast activity declines while osteoclast activity continues.

Osteoporosis

A condition in which the reduction in bone mass is sufficient to compromise normal skeletal function.

Osteoarthritis

Degenerative joint disease generally affecting individuals age 60 or older due to cumulative wear and tear or genetic collagen factors.

Rheumatoid arthritis

An autoimmune disease causing joint inflammation, usually affecting both sides of the body equally and progressively becoming debilitating.

Gouty arthritis

Joint inflammation caused by high uric acid levels in the blood forming hard crystals in joints, usually the big toe.

Bulging disc

A condition caused by compression of the nucleus pulposus that distorts the anulus fibrosus.

Herniated disc

A condition in which compression causes the nucleus pulposus to protrude through the anulus fibrosus into the vertebral canal.