psych exam 3

developmental psychology

study of changes across the lifespan

period of the zygote

fertilized egg, enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division, fertilization until implantation

period of the embryo

major bodily systems form

period of the fetus

growth and finishing stage

stage 1

dilation and effacement of cervix

stage 2

expulsion of the fetus

stage 3

expulsion of the placenta

Neurological problems

no reflex at birth

attachment

strong emotional connection with another person, seek person out in times of stress for comfrot/protection

cupboard love

child attaches to person meeting their physiological needs

primary return to the womb craving

child resents their extrusion from the womb and seeks to return there, can’t, so attaches to womb owner

bowlbys ethological theory

child attaches to person meeting their emotional needs

strange situation

baby stress test, 2 separation and 2 reunions with caregiver

secure

child welcomes the mothers return and seeks closeness to her, returns to play

at home, parent is sensitive and responsive to child’s emotional needs

insecure-avoidant

child ignores mother, at home parent rejects child’s emotional needs

insecure-ambivalent

child exhibits anger at the mother while seeking to be close to her doesn’t return to play, at home parent inconsistently responds to child’s emotional needs

insecure-disorganized

shows odd motor behavior and dazed facial expressions, at home parent abusive

securely attached kids have

higher self esteem, better peer relationships, maximize their cognitive potential

attachment patterns are evident in adulthood

reflect emotional connections to parents, partners, not children

adult attachment

predicts children’s attachment pattern

socialization

process by which we learn the beliefs, value, skills, and behavior patterns of their culture

authoritarian

high value on obedience and respect for authority (n nasty)

permisive

impose minimal control on their children

authoritative

enforce standards, but encourage verbal give and take, warm, (e excellent)

parent opinion more valued

life goals, religion, politics, hard drugs

peers opinion more valued

music, style, alcohol, sex

stage theory

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations

assimilation

fitting new objects, events into existing schema

accommodation

modifying a Chema to fit new events

Piaget sensorimotor

understand the world through sense and actions, develop object permanence

Piaget stage 1

pretend play, egocentrism, lack of concept

Piaget stage 2

concerte operations, can do logical operations, conversations can’t think abstractly

Piaget stage 3

formal operations -can do abstract , main character

James- lange theory of emotion

experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

cannon-band theory of emotion

physiological responses, subjective experience of emotion

schacters cognitive theory of emotion

fully aroused

somatic theory of emotion

brain interprets muscle activation in face as an emotion

thalamus to amygdala

emotion without cognition

emotion and cognition feed off each other

increase anger, road rage

counterfactual thinking

them mental contraction of fictions outcomes related to actual outcomes, bills losing, leases to guilt, regret, bronze medalist sadder than silver medalist

motivation

a need or desire that energized behavior and directs it towards a goal

primary needs

basic biological necessities

secondary needs

physiological desires

self determination theory

competence, relatedness, autonomy

competence

need to effectively learn and master challenging tasks

relatedness

warm relations with others, intimacy motives

autonomy

need to determine, control, and organize one own behavior and goal

intrinsic motivation

motivation by internal goals, enjoyment of a task, sense of accomplishment

extrinsic motivation

motivation created by external factors like rewards and punishment, not interested in activity for it own sake, but for possible gains

intrinsic

ear to learn, welcomes challenges

extrinsic

reluctant to engage in learning tasks, dislikes learning

eustress

stress provides the motivation to conquer problems

positive psychology

focus on the strengths and qualities that enable individual to thrive, stress can promote personal growth, force people to develop new skills

alarm, GAS

brief period of high arosual which readies the bodies for vigorous activity

resistance, GAS

after a few minutes, the body enters a phase of prolonged but moderate arousal

exhaustion, GAS

intense and long lasting stress depletes the immune system, results in an increased vulnerability to illness, fatigue, and weakness

acute stressors

threatening events that have a relatively short duration and a a clear endpoint

chronic stresser

threatening events that have a relatively long duration and no readily apparent time limit, serious health problems

catastrophes

unpredictable large scale events, health consequences

life changes

death, marriage, divorce, more vulnerable to disease

daily hassles

annoying events in everyday life, rush hour traffic, cumulative effects on health

approach- approach conflict

two positive choices, least stressful

avoidance-avodiance

two negative choices, most stressful, back pain or risky surgery

approach-avoidance conflict

single choice has positive and negative qualities, eat Taco Bell and poo ur pants

perceived control

lack of control increase stress

type a personality

motivated, competitive, impatient, prone to anger, heightened response to and risk from stress

type b personality

easygoing, patient, non aggressive, lower response to and risk from stress

type c personality

confident, motivated, competitive, not hostile, lower response to and risk from stress

type d personality

worried, inhibited, prone to anxiety, more isolated, heightened response to and from stress

Gottmans four horsemen

criticism, contempt, defensiveness, stonewalling

criticism

nonconstructive negative statements that emphasize defects in character in absolute and extreme terms “you never think of others”

contempt

attempt to make their partner feel worthless through hostility, name calling condescension, ridicule, and disrespect “your tired? I did so much today”

defensiveness

seeing yourself as the victim in efforts to ward off a perceived attack and reverse the blame

stonewalling

withdrawing from the conversation

optimism

expecting the best outcome from any given situation, have better health outcomes, pain management and immune

pessimism

expecting the worst outcome from any given situation, worst health outcomes

defensive pessimism

preparing for failure ahead of time, set low expectations, helps anxious people, no long term health

psychosomatic disease

genuine physical ailments though to be caused in part by stress

tangible

direct assistance

problem focused coping

try to change circumstances , if problem is alterable, how to study effectively

emotion focused coping

regulating emotion, if problem is uncontrollable, try to feel better alcohol and drugs