LS7A CONCEPTS (AOLS 1-3)

https://quizlet.com/733621260/ls7a-aol-1-weeks-1-3-flash-cards/ (use other guides to add on more cards as you do each reading) https://quizlet.com/user/kareem_alb/sets

How many covalent bonds can H, C, O and N form?

H: 1
O: 2
N: 3
C: 4

In each type of bond, how many electrons are shared?

Single: 2
Double: 4
Triple: 6

Can this molecule exist in nature?

Yes, all of the bonds fulfill the bonding rules discussed in class

Can this molecule exist in nature?

Yes, all of the bonds fulfill the bonding rules discussed in class

Can this molecule exist in nature?

No, it can not. The nitrogen only has two bonds, and the second carbon only has three bonds

Compare the electronegativities of the four atoms fundamental to life.

C = H < N = O

In CO2 which atom is more likely to be electronegative?

Oxygen

What makes a molecule polar?

If there is a difference in electronegativity between the atoms bonded

Is the molecule C2H4 polar or non-polar?

Non-polar

Is this molecule polar or nonpolar? Where?

Polar, it is polar due to the C and O bond and the C and N bond

Is this molecule polar or non-polar?

nonpolar

Consider X to be an imaginary molecule. Is this molecule polar or non-polar?

This is a polar molecule because of the X- C bond.

Consider X to be an imaginary atom. Is this molecule polar or non-polar?

This is a polar molecule because of the X-C and X-O bond.

What is an atom made up of?

A nucleus that contains protons and neutrons, which is surrounded by shells of electrons

What are covalent bonds?

Bonds in which electrons are shared

What does point 1 represent?

The atoms are too close to each other and thus have very high pot. energy as it takes a lot of energy to bring them that close together

What does point 2 represent?

This is the bond distance, it is bond length at which pot. energy is minimized. The atoms want to be here as they have low pot to do other things

What does point 3 represent?

The atoms are getting farther apart, and pot energy is increasing as there is potential for the atoms to be doing other things.

What does point 4 represent?

The atoms are very far apart and have barely any interaction with one another leading to a pot. energy of almost 0.

Does breaking a bond require or release energy? Forming?

Breaking requires, forming releases

How much energy is required to break this bond?

200 kJ/mol

Which bond represents the strongest interaction?

#2

This graph represents: ionic bonds, ionic bonds in water, and covalent bonds. Which is which?

1. Covalent bonds
2. Ionic bonds
3. Ionic bonds in water

This graph represnets hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, and a polar covalent bond. Which is which?

1. Hydrogen bonds
2. Polar covalent bond
3. Van der waals forces

What is an ionic bond?

When one atom completely steals an electron from another atom and they bind together

What is a hydrogen bond?

When a partially positive hydrogen atom binds with a partially negative oxygen or nitrogen

When is the bond most stable?

When its potential energy is the lowest

What are van der Waals forces?

Due to random movement of electrons, tehre can be temporary dipoles in which there is a partial charge on one end of the molecule, which can induce a partial charge in another atom temporarily triggering a temporary attraction

What is a hydrophilic molecule?

One that is generally polar and able to form hydrogen bonds with water

What is a hydrophobic molecule?

One that is generally non-polar and unable to form hydrogen bonds with water

Rank the bonds/electrostatic interactions in the amt of energy it would take to break them.

1. Covalent bonds
2. Ionic bonds (in water)
3. Hydrogen bond
4. Van der Waals forces

Can this molecule hydrogen bond with itself? (Assume Z is an imaginary atom)

Yes, it can. The partially positive hydrogen can be attracted to a different partially negative Z.

Would there be hydrogen bonding between these two molecules?

No, there is no partially negative molecule for the Hydrogen to be attracted to

Can this molecule hydrogen bond with itself?

No, there is no partially positive hydrogen

Can these two molecules hydrogen bond?

Yes, between the hydrogen on the second molecule and the Y on the first molecule (it is even more electronegative than oxygen!)

Can this molecule form hydrogen bonds with water?

yes

Will this molecule be able to pass through the interior of the lipid bilayer?

No, it is hydrophillic as it can form hydrogen bonds with water and thus would have a hard time passing through

What factors differentiate prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic cells do not have organelles (lack internal compartments), prokaryotic cells have DNA in their nucleoid region and usually have plasmid, they are typically very small cells w/ a high surface area to volume ratio

What factors differentiate plant and animal cells?

Plant cells have cell walls, chloroplast, vacuoles, and plasmodesmata

Differentiate between the cytoplasm and cytosol.

Cytoplasm is all the internal contents of a cell, while the cytosol is the gel-like substance that surrounds organelles in the cell

You are studying cells in a lab and note a cell that seems to carry out all of its metabolic functions in the cytosol. What kind of cell is this likely?

Prokaryote

You are studying cells in a lab and note a cell that when placed in a hypotonic solution does not burst. What kind of cell is this likely?

Plant cell

You are studying cells in a lab and note a very small cell, yet one that is very efficient due to its surface area to volume ratio. What cell do you think this?

Prokaryote

What does a mitochondria do?

It produces a lot of the ATP the cell uses

What does a chloroplast do?

It is responsible for photosynthesis (production of sugars)

What does the nucleus do?

It stores genetic information

What does the ER do?

Rough: protein production
Smooth: lipid production

What does the golgi apparatus do?

Protein and lipid modification and helps package/sort molecules

What does the lysosome do?

Breaks down molecules

What does the vacuole do?

Help contribute to structural rigidity of plants by contributing to turgor pressure

You are investigating a cell that has a very high concentration of smooth ER and vesicles. What is the function of the cell?

The cell is likely responsible for the production of many lipids

You are investigating a cell that has a very high concentration of mitochondria and free-floating ribosomes. What is the function of the cell?

The cell is likely responsible for muscle contractons

You discover a cell with a very high concentration of golgi apparatus and rough ER. What is the function of this cell?

This cell is likely a part of an endocrine gland responsible for the production of non-stereoid hormones.

You are working with a cell responsible for breaking down antigens in the body. What would you expect to see a lot of in the cell?

lysosomes

You are working with a cell responsible for communicating electrical signals. What would you expect to see a lot of in this cell?

Numerous ribosomes to produce protein channels to allow for ion transport

How can models of biological systems be useful?

Allows us to simplify a complex system and better communicate results with society

What are the drawbacks of models of biological systems?

It could cause you to make untrue assumptions and it fails to show function

Describe the structure of a triglyceride.

It involves a glycerol bonded to three fatty acids

What is a fatty acid?

A chain of hydrocarbons

Describe the structure of a phospholipid.

It is an amphipathic molecule with a polar phosphate head and two non-polar fatty acid tails

Describe the structure of a cholesterol molecule.

Ring-like structure

Explain the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.

Saturated fatty acids are saturated with hydrogen as they do not have a double bond in their hydrocarbon chain, while unsaturated fatty acids have less hydrogen and have a kink in their structure due to the presence of a double bond

Describe the differnece in physical states between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.

At room temp, saturated fatty acids are solids due to the fact that they are able to have more VDW interactions between them, while unsaturated fatty acids are liquid due to less VDW interactions

How do saturated/unsaturated fatty acids affect the fludiity of the plasma membrane?

More saturated fatty acids = less fluid
More unsaturated fatty acids = more fluid

How does temperature affect the fluidity of the plasma membrane?

The higher the temperature, the more fluid the membrane will be

How does tail length affect the fludiity of the plasma membrane?

Longer tails = more SA for VDW forces, less fluid

How does cholesterol affect the fluidity of the plasma membrane?

At low temperatures, cholesterol increases membrane fluidity by acting as a buffer stopping the phospholipids from getting too close, while at high temperatures, cholesterol decreases fluidity by holding the structure together

A cell lives in a very cold enviornment. It wants to keep its membrane relatively fluid, what organelle should we expect to see a lot of in the cell?

Smooth ER to produce cholesterol

Why do the phospholipids rarely change sides?

This would mean crossing the hydrophobic portion of the membrane and they would usually like to avoid this

What are the two types of proteins found in the plasma membrane?

Integral (embedded in the membrane), peripheral (attached to the membrane)

Explain the polarity of an integral protein.

It will have polar sides that interact with the extracellular space/cytoplasm while having nonpolar interior to interact with the hydrophobic plasma interior

Explain in which kind of enviornment this arrangment would happen.

This would happen in a hydrophobic/oily enviornment

Explain in which kind of enviornment we would likely see a liposome.

In a hydrophillic/aqueuous enviornment

What is diffusion?

The passive movement of molecules down their concentration gradient

Why couldn't a saturated fatty acid act as a semipermeable membrane while a phospholipid bilayer can?

A saturated fatty acid is not an amphipathic molecule and therefore would not be able to be very selective in what gets in/out, while phospholipids are best fit to get this job done due to their amphipathic nature

What does tonicity mean?

Tonicity refers to the solute concentration in one solution compared ot another

Differentiate primary and secondary active transport

Primary active transport is powered by the use of ATP, while secondary active transport is powered by an electrochemical gradient

What are the two types of facilitated diffusion proteins?

Carriers/channels

Explain the difference between an antiport and symport

A symport pumps molecules in the same direction, while an antiport pumps them in the opposite direction.

Rank classes of the molecules based on how permeable they would be.

1. Small, non-polar molecules
2. Small, polar molecules
3. Large, polar molecules
4. Ions

Which molecule is more likely to pass through the lipid membrane?

The C3H3NO

What molecule is more likely to pass through a lipid membrane: a large steroid or a large protein?

A large steroid

A cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. Where will water flow?

Water will flow out of the cell

The right side of the beaker is ____ to the left side.

Hypertonic

Assuming that the movemnet of water is allowed through the membrane, what willl happen to the comparative tonicity of the two solutions?

They will become isotonic to each other as water moves from the left side to right side

This is a diagram of a neuron. The circle proteins represent Na+/K+ pumps. The triangle proteins represent Glucose/Ca2+ cotransporters, while the square proteins represent ACh channels. What mechanism of transport is each channel?

Na+/K+ pump: primary active transport
Glucose/Ca2+ co transporter: secondary active transporter
ACh channel: facilitated diffusion

This is a diagram of a neuron. The circle proteins represent Na+/K+ pumps. The triangle proteins represent Glucose/Ca2+ cotransporters, while the square proteins represent ACh channels. How will each molecule be moving?

Na+: out, K+ in
Glucose: out of the cell
Ca2+ out of the cell
ACh: out of the cell

This is a diagram of a neuron. How could oxygen enter this neuron? Water?

Oxygen can enter via simple diffusion, and water can enter via an aquaporin or facilitated diffusion

This is a diagram of a neuron. The circle proteins represent Na+/K+ pumps. The triangle proteins represent Glucose/Ca2+ cotransporters, while the square proteins represent ACh channels. How would transportation be affected if the Ca2+/glucose co transporter broke?

Ca2+ concentration inside the neuron would increase, while glucose concentration inside the neuron would increase

What is metabolism?

The entire set of chemical reactions in a cell

What is catabolism?

The breaking down of large molecules to simpler ones

What is anabolism?

The building up of more complex molecules from simple building blocks

In this chemical reaction, a large carbohydrate is broken down into its glucose monomers. What kind of chemical reaction would we consider this to be?

Catabolism

What does kinetic energy refer to? Potential energy?

Kinetic energy: energy associated w/ movement
Pot. energy: energy that is stored (in chemical bonds)

Does making a bond require or release energy? Breaking a bond?

Release, require

How can it be that making a bond releases energy, yet anabolic pathways require energy?

Anabolic pathways require us to both break and form bonds, and as a result, the net Gibbs free energy change for this pathway will be positive causing us to have put in energy

What does the first law of thermodynamics state?

Energy is conserved, energy can be neither created nor destroyed

Explain the relationship between bond energy and the stability of the bond.

More stable bonds have less chemical energy, while less stable bonds have more chemical energy

What does the second law of thermodynamics state?

Transformations of energy always increases universal entropy

What does enthlapy refer to?

The total energy in the system