Health Psychology Theories of Behavior

HBM, TPB, PWM, SNT

What are the 4 major social cognitive theories of health behavior (abbreviations)

Social Cognitive

This perspective focuses on how attitudes affect behavior.

Attitudes

Social cognitive theories attempt to change ___________, include social norms approaches, and deal with measurement issues.

Group

Social cognitive interventions are different than clinical interventions because they are implemented at the level of the ______.

Health Belief Model

This is one of the most popular health behavior models and can be used beyond just health psychology.

Preventive

The health belief model focuses on ____________ behaviors.

Threat

Factor 1 of the Health Belief Model: Perceived health ______ of a negative event.

Perceived risk, severity

What are the two subpoints of “perceived health threat” in the health behavior model?

Effectively reduce

The second factor in the health belief model is the belief that doing the behavior can ________ ______ the threat

Belief that the behavior can reduce the threat, belief that the benefits of the behavior outweigh the costs

What are the subpoints to “belief that behavior can effectively reduce threat” in the health belief model

Percieved Risk

What point of the HBM does this describe:

As a smoker I could get smoker

Severity

What point of the HBM does this illustrate:

I would die if I developed lung cancer from smoking

Belief that the behavior can reduce the threat

What point of the HBM does this illustrate:

If I stop smoking, I will not develop lung cancer

Belief that benefits of the behavior outweigh the costs

What point of the HBM does this illustrate:

Even though it will be hard to quit smoking it is worth it to avoid the risk of lung cancer

Health Belief Model

In general, the ______ is widely used and meta-analyses give us good support.

Preventive

The HBM is a _________ model meaning it predicts preventive behavior decisions.

Perceived Risk

Which factor of the HBM is the most studied and the most targeted in interventions?

Perceived Risk

Interventions that present statistics about the likelihood of a negative event appeal to ____ _____

Behavior

Interventions to increase perceived risk show that even when people’s perceived risk changes, it doesn’t always lead to a change in ______.

Moderate

Meta-analyses show only ________ associations between perceived risk and intentions.

0.2

What is the approximate effect size of the correlation between perceived risk and behavior?

Feelings

Windschitl found that objective knowledge of risk and______ of vulnerability can differ.

Affective

One of the downsides of the Health belief model is that it focuses too much on cognitive measures of perceived risk rather than _________ measures of risk.

Cognitive

Does the HBM focus more on cognitive or affective measures of risk?

Cognitive

The over-emphasis on __________ measures in the HBM may lead to a low correlation.

Narratives

What can work better to persuade people of risk: statistics or narratives?

Feelings

The shark vs car accident example shows us that people often act based on ___________ rather on statistics/logic/cognition.

Low

In a study done on risk perception and screening intentions it was found that absolute verbal risk perception (likely vs not likely to get disease) had a _________ correlation.

Very Little

In a study done on risk perception and screening intentions it was found that absolute numerical risk perception (how likely are you to get it 0-100%) had ______________ correlation.

Stronger

In a study done on risk perception and screening intentions it was found that intuitive risk perception had a much _____ correlation with screening behavior.

Intuitive Risk Perception

_______________________ was a much stronger predictor of behavior than absolute risk perception.

Objective

The health belief model is widely used but not very predictive when risk perception is in _____ forms.

Theory of Planned Behavior

The theory that argues that the best way to predict behavior is through behavior intentions.

Theory of planned behavior

The second most popular but more statistically significant health behavior theory.

Intention

An effortful, thoughtful, deliberate plan of what someone wants to do.

Attitude toward Behavior

One of the aspects of the TPB that influences intentions:

One’s evaluation of the behavior, how they think or feel about the behavior.

Subjective Norms

One of the aspects of the TPB that influences intentions:

How we think others will approve/disapprove of the behavior.

Perceived Behavioral Control

One of the aspects of the TPB that influences intentions:

The expectation that one can successfully perform the behavior (self-efficacy)

Intentions

According to the TPB________ can shape behavior if they are effortful, thoughtful, and deliberate.

Theory of Planned Behavior

This theory has been able to predict behaviors like taking medication, exercise, eating behavior, condom use, cancer screening, and more

Theory of Planned Behavior

There is much stronger empirical support for __________ than for the health belief model.

Theory of Planned Behavior

Which health behavior theory had stronger empirical support?

0.5

The effect size of the theory of planned behavior was about r=________

Implementation Intentions

Situational cues that improve the likelihood of the goals (intentions) will translate to action (behavior)

Implementation Intention

Making a simple coherent plan that links critical situations or environmental cues to goal-directed responses. This functions to integrate conscious processing with automatic behavioral enactment

Implementation Intentions

Link intention to action and delegate the control of goal-directed responses to situational cues

Specifics

Implementation intentions involves bringing ________ to intentions including what, when, where, how etc.

Implementation Intentions

Interventions using this strategy have been successful in increasing behaviors like breast self-exams, maintaining a healthy diet, exercise, and more.

Longer

In an experiment with patients who were in rehab after a heart attack, the group that was assigned to complete implementation intentions kept up their rate of exercise much _________ than the control group.

Risky Situations

Implementation intentions can also help mitigate ____________ ____________. Someone can plan out if _____, then ____ scenarios to avoid relapsing.

Plan

Using implementation intentions someone can think about a risky cue then make a ____________ for how to avoid the problem.

Not all behavior is planned

What is one of the criticisms of theory of planned behavior?

Risk

The theory of planned behavior often doesn’t apply well to adolescents and their ___________ behaviors because they are often times not planned.

Behavioral Willingness

Being open to doing a behavior when the opportunity is presented or in certain social situations.

Theory of Planned Behavior

If then cues or implementation intentions are a behavioral application of what theory?

Behavioral Willingness

Someone who has higher _________ ____________ is more likely to participate in a risky behavior even if they don’t plan or intend to do it.

Intend

In the study asking people how they would use drugs if in a party situation they identified people that were at risk for doing risky behaviors even if they didn’t _________ on doing drugs.

Adolescent

Behavioral willingness can predict additional variance in behavior especially for _______ risk behaviors.

Low, high

A commonly observed pattern for risk behavior in adolescents is that behavioral intention is ________ but behavioral willingness is _________.

Risk Prototype

Behavioral willingness if influenced by an individual’s _______ _____________

Risk Prototype

The image that a person has for the type of individual who typically engages in the behavior.

High

If someone’s risk prototype is similar and favorable then behavioral willingness tends to be _________.

Prototype Willingness Model

The theory that suggests that behavior is shaped more by behavioral willingness than just intention and behavioral willingness is shaped by our risk prototypes.

Prototype Willingness Model

Prototypes like James Dean who smoked and was seen as cool or popular as well as the abundance of smoking in TV/movies was a reason that smoking used to be so common according to this theory.

Social Media

A new application of the PWM is the abundance of prototypes on _____ _____ as adolescents are seeing their friends posting images of themselves drinking or smoking. This can also apply to other dangerous or risky social media trends.

20

The podcast mentioned that teens were ____% more likely to become smokers/drinker if their online friends posted images/posts of drinking/smoking.

Social Norms Theory

The theory that describes how we are influenced by perceptions of other’s behavior and expectations. (Our behaviors and thoughts are influenced by others)

Percieved norms

Beliefs about typical behavior or traits of a social group. For example: what I think about other college student’s behavior.

Descriptive norms

Beliefs about what we think others do or think

Injunctive Norms

Beliefs about what we think others approve of.

Social Norms Theory

The idea that people participate in risky behaviors because they misperceive the norm and these misperceptions influence their behavior.

Social Norms Theory

People with a misperceived norm attend to information that fits the misperceived norm and are more likely to do a behavior that is based on that norm.

Misinformation

Interventions based on the social norms theory try to correct __________ by educating people on the actual statistics.

There has to be a misperception, the true norm has to be moderately healthy

According for social norms interventions to work what two criteria have to be met?

Alcohol Consumption

The social norms theory has been used successfully when addressing_______ ________ on college campuses.

Clinical-behavioral approach

A more atheoretical approach to health behavior change that focuses on the behavior rather than the attitude and is usually implemented at the individual level.

Behavior

Clinical behavioral perspectives focus on the ___________ itself rather than trying to change attitudes.

Behavior

Clinical behavioral perspectives try to uncover conditions that elicit, maintain, and reinforce the _______.

Clinical Behavioral Theories

Historically which group of theories has focused more on dealing with addictive behaviors: clinical behavioral theories or social cognitive theories?

Social Cognitive Behaviors

Historically which group of theories has focused more on dealing with preventive behaviors: clinical behavioral theories or social cognitive theories?

Individualized

Clinical behavioral interventions tend to be more ________.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

A popular treatment that has been successful for people with depression, anxiety, and other conditions and is now being used for health/risk behaviors

Cognitive Behavioral therapy

The _______ operates on the idea that people have automatic patterns of thinking. If you change the pattern of thinking you can change behavior.

Self-monitoring

The component of CBT that involves identifying a target behavior then monitoring for quantity and quality.

Target Behavior

The behavior that you want to change in CBT.

Quantity

Monitoring how much or when you do the target behavior (self-monitoring)

Quality

Monitoring for thoughts and feelings related to behavior (emotions, beliefs surrounding behavior)

Self-monitoring

The idea of _______ ________________ is that by recording data on behavior we will understand our behavior more accurately.

Self-monitoring

An example of ___________ ____________ would be if an individual who wants to change unhealthy eating habits keeps a journal for 2 weeks and record thoughts and experiences surrounding this behavior.

Cognitive Restructuring

The second component of the CBT which involves modifying or changing thoughts relating to the behavior

Cognitive Restructuring

Examples of _________ _______ include distraction, thought suppression, counter-arguing.

Distraction

When someone tries to do something else to get away from negative thoughts.

thought suppression

When someone tries to squash thoughts. Usually not a very effective strategy, usually backfires or may amplify the original thoughts.

Counter-arguing

When someone tries to talk to themselves and counter their negative thoughts/emotions

Role modeling

When a therapist walks through the process of cognitive restructuring with their client to show them strategies to modify their thoughts relating to the target behavior.

Associative Learning Principles

The concept that operant and classical conditioning can be used to reduce risk behaviors or increase health behaviors.

Addictive

Learned associative principles have been traditionally used to treat _______ behaviors.

Operant Conditioning Principles

The principle that outcomes influence behavior and that a systematic response can become associated with a behavior. These associations can either increase or decrease the frequency of the behavior.

Reinforcement

Which functions better for modifying behavior? Reinforcement or punishment?

Reinforcement

This outcome will increase the frequency of the behavior.