GenChem 1 chapter 6 and 7

what is electromagnetic radiation?

light behaves like a wave and particle that travels through space and carries energy.

electromagnetic radiation equation

c= (lambda)(frequency)

what is lambda

wavelength

what is nu?

frequency

What is the energy of radiation formula?

E=hv

what is the speed of light

3.00 × 10^8 m/s

what is E?

energy

what is h?

Planck's constant, a fundamental constant in quantum mechanics.

what is planck’s constant

6.626 × 10^-34 Js

relationship between frequency/wavelength and energy

higher frequency or shorter wavelength equal higher energy

What is the rydberg equation solve for

predict the wavelengths of spectral lines in hydrogen

rydberg’s equation

1/lambda = (RH)(1/N² - 1/N²)

what is the number for rydberg’s constant

$$1.096776\cdot10^{-7}m-1$$

what is the electromagnetic spectrum

radio → microwave → infared → visible → UV → Xray → gamma

what is quantum theory

atoms absorb or emit energy in quantized amounts

what is a photon?

a particle of light

What did Bohr propose:

• electrons exist in fixed energy levels

• electrons can move between levels by absorbing/emitting energy

what happens to electrons when they absorb energy?

They move to a higher energy level.

What happens during emission?

Electrons release energy and return to a lower energy level.

what did de Broglie propose?

electrons exhibits wave-like properties, with a wavelength inversely proportional to its momentum.

what is the de Broglie equation?

lambda =h/mv (h= planck’s constant) (v= frequency)

what is the Heisienberg’s principle/uncertainty principle?

impossible to know the exact location and momentum of an electron

what is heisienberg’s equation?

delta x is greater than or equal to h/(4 pi m delta v)

what is wave function?

the probability distribution of a particle's position and momentum.

where do we find electrons?

in orbitals

what is the subshell?

same n and L

what is the radial probability function/density?

probability that we will find the electron at a specific distance from the nucleus

what is the principal quantum number?

It is a quantum number that determines the size and energy of an electron shell in an atom, denoted by the letter n.

what is the Angular momentum quantum number?

It is a quantum number that determines the shape of an orbital in an atom, denoted by the letter L.

what is the magnetic quantum number?

It is a quantum number that specifies the orientation of an orbital in space, denoted by the letter mL. The values of mL range from -L to +L, including zero.

what is the spin quantum number?

It is a quantum number that describes the intrinsic angular momentum or spin of an electron in an orbital, denoted by the letter ms. The values of ms can be +\frac{1}{2} or -\frac{1}{2}.

what is an orientation?

half the amount of the max number of valence electrons

what is the aufbau principle?

electrons fill lowest energy orbitals first

what is the pauli exclusion principle

no two electrons can have the same four quantum numbers

how many electrons per orbitals?

2 electrons with opposite spins

what is a degenerate?

electrons in the same orbital

what is Hund’s rule?

electrons fill equal-energy orbitals one at a time before pairing up in orbitals.

what are the exceptions of transition metal configurations

Transition metals may have unusual electron configurations that do not follow the expected order due to stability provided by half-filled or fully filled d subshells.

the elements are arranged by…?

increasing atomic number in the periodic table.

what is van der waals (nonbonding atomic radius)

half the shortest distance separating two nuclei during the collison of atoms

what is the covalent radius (bonding atomic radius)

half the distance between nuclei bond

what is the effective nuclear charge?

the attraction an electron feels from the nucleus

formula for effective nuclear charge?

Zeff = Z- sheiding

what is the atomic radius?

size of an atom

what is an isoelectronic series?

atoms/ions with the same number for electrons

formula for ionization energy:

X(g) → X + (g)+ E^-

what is electron affinity formula?

X(g) +e^- → X-(g)

trends of atomic radius

across decreases, down increases

trends of ionization energy

across increases, down decreases.

trends of electron affinity

across increases, down varies

trends in metallic character

across decreases, down increases