all organic reaction equations

Which reaction do acid anhydrides undergo?

Esterification

write out the equation for the esterification of acid anhydrides

Acid anhydride + Alchohol → Ester + carboxylic acid

What are the five reactions that acyl chlorides undergo (HAAE)

1. Hydration

2. Acylation - friedel-crafts

3. Amidification - amine/NH3

4. Esterification - Alchohol/phenol

5. Polymerisation - Alchohol/phenol

write out the equation for the hydration of acyl chlorides

Acyl chloride + water → carboxylic acid + HCl

write out the equation for the amidification of acyl chlorides

Acyl chloride + 2 amine → Amide + ammonium salt

write out the equation for the acylation of acyl chlorides

Acyl chloride + benzene →Ketone-benzene + HCl

What does Acyl chloride + benzene reaction require

AlCl3 catalyst

write out the equation for the esterification of acyl chlorides

Acyl chloride + Alchohol/phenol →Ester + HCl

What are the five reactions that Alchohol saw undergo (DEENO)

1. Dehydration

2. Esterification (carboxylic acid)

3. Esterification (acyl chloride)

4. Nucleophilic substitution

5. Oxidation

write an equation for the dehydration of an alcohol

alchohol + acid catalyst →Alkene + water

Catalyst example for the dehydration of an alchohol

Concentrated sulphuric or phosphoric acid

write an equation for the nucleophilic subsititoon of an alchohol using HBr

alchohol + HBr →haloalkane + water

what catalyst does the reaction between an alchohol and HBr need

NaBr and H2SO4

write an equation for the esterification of an alchohol using a carboxylic acid

alcohol + carboxylic acid →ester + water

what catalyst does the reaction between alcohol + carboxylic acid need

concentrated H2SO4

write an equation for the esterification of an alcohol using acyl chloride

acyl chloride + alchohol/phenol → ester + HCl

primary alchohol + [O] →

aldehyde + H2O

reaction conditions for the oxidation of a primary alchohol to an aldehyde

-heat until distillation

-K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 catalyst

primary alchohol + [O] →

carboxylic acid + H2O

reaction conditions for the oxidation of a primary alchohol to a carboxylic acid

-heat until reflux

--K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 catalyst

secondary alchohol + [O] →

ketone + H2O

what reactions do alkanes undergo

free radical substitution

alkane + Cl2 → (UV)

haloalkane + HCl

which 5 reactions do alkenes undergo (AHHHH)

1. addition polymerisation

2. halogenation (halogen)

3. halogenation (hydrogen halide)

4. Hydration

5. Hydrogenation

write an equation for the halogenation of an alkene using a halogen (chlorine)

alkene + Cl2 → dihaloalkane

write an equation for the halogenation of an alkene using a hydrogen halide (HBr)

alkene + HBr → haloalkane

write an equation for the hydration of an alkene

alkene + water → alchohol

what reaction conditions are needed for the hydration of an alkene

-H3PO4 catalyst

-steam

write an equation for the hydrogenation of an alkene

alkene + H2 → alkane

what conditions are needed for the hydrogenation of an alkene

Nickel catalyst

what reactions do amides undergo (BA)

1. acid hydrolysis

2. base hydrolysis

acid hydrolysis of an amide:

amide + H2O → carboxylic acid + protonated amine

(with H+ ions)

base hydrolysis of an amide:

amide + base → carboxylate salt + amine

what reactions do amines undergo (AA)

1. amidification - acyl chloride

2. amidification - carboxylic acid

write an equation for the amidification of an amine using acyl chloride

acyl chloride + 2 amine → amide + ammonium salt

write an equation for the amidification of an amine using a carboxylic acid

amine + carboxylic acid → amide + H2O

what for reactions does benzene undergo (HANA)

1. halogenation

2. acylation (friedel -craft)

3. nitration

4. alkylation (friedel -craft)

write out the equation for the activation of the chlorine ion in the halogenation of benzene

Cl2 + AlCl3 → Cl+ + AlCl4-

write and draw the overall equation for the halogenation of benzene using chlorine

benzne + chlorine → chlorobenene + HCl (using AlCl3 catalyst)

write out the equation for the regeneration of the catalyst in the halogenation of benzene using chlorine

AlCl4- + H+ → AlCl3 + HCl

write an equation for the acylation of benzene

acyl chloride + benzene → Ketone-benzene + HCl

what catalyst does the acylation of benzne need

AlCl3

write an equation for the activation of the nitrate ion in the nitration of benzene

concentrated H2SO4 + concentrated HNO3 → NO2+ + HSO4- + H2O

write an equation for the overall equation for the nitration of benzene

benzene + concentrated HNO3 → nitrobenzene + water

(conc. H2SO4 and 50 degrees Celsius)

write an equation for the regeneration of the catalyst in the nitration of benzene

HSO4- + H+ → H2SO4

write an equation for the alkylation of benzene

benzene + haloalkane → alkylated benzene + HCl

what catalyst is needed for the alkylation of benzene

AlCL3

what are the reactions that carbonyls undergo (NON)

1. nucleophilic addition (reduction)

2. nucleophilic addition (HCN)

3. oxidation

what is the equation for the reduction of a carbonyl

carbonyl + 2[H] → alcohol

what is the catalyst and reactant for the reduction of a carbonyl

NaBH4/H2O

write the equation for nucelophilic addition of a carbon, using HCN

carbonyl + HCN → hydroxynitrile

what is the catalyst and reactant for the nucleophilic addition of a carbonyl using HCN

NaCN/H2SO4

write a reaction for the generation of HCN in the nucelophilic addition of a carbonyl using HCN

NaCN + H2SO4 → HCN + HSO4

Write the equation for the oxidation of an aldehyde

Aldehyde + [O] → carboxylic acid

What catalyst is needed for the oxidation of an aldehyde

K2Cr2O7/H2SO4

what are the four reactions that carboxlic acids undergo (APED)

1. amidification (amine/NH3)

2. preparing an acyl chloride

3. esterification

4. dehydration

write an equation for the amidification of carboxylic acids

amine + carboxylic acid → amide + H2O

write an equation for the preparing of an acyl chloride

carboxylic acid + SOCl2 → acyl chloride + HCl (g) + SO2 (g)

write an equation for the esterification of carboxylic acids

alchohol + carboxylic acid → ester + water

what catalyst does the esterification of carboxylic acids require

concentration H2SO4

write an equation for the dehydration of a carboxylic acid

2 carboxylic acid → acid anhydride + water

what are the two reactions that esters undergo (HA)

1. acid hydrolysis

2. base hydrolysis

write an equation for the hydrolysis of an ester using a base

ester + base → carboxylate salt + alcohol

write an equation for the hydrolysis of an ester using an acid

ester + water → carboxylic acid + alchohol

(using H+ ion)

what are the three reactions for haloalkanes

1. alkylation

2. nucleophilic subtitution (NH3)

3. nucleophilic subtitution (KCN)

write the equation for the alkylation of benzne using haloalkanes

benzne + haloalkane → Alkylated benzene + HCl

what catalyst does the alkylation of benzne using haloalkanes need

AlCl3