Bio 100 - Carbon and biological molecules

Carbon-based molecules may exhibit isomerism. Isomers are molecules that:

Have the same chemical formulas but different structures

Molecules that exhibit cis/trans isomerism

Exhibit variation around a double bond

Molecules that are enantiomers

Have an asymmetric/chiral carbon atom

Molecules that are enantiomers

Are mirror images of each other

Molecules that are structural isomers

Have the same chemical (molecular) formula, but different arrangements of bonds between atoms

Carbon (C) atoms

Always have four bonds

Bonds between carbon © and hydrogen are

Non polar covalent

Bonds between oxygen and hydrogen are

Polar covalent

Bonds between oxygen and carbon are

Polar covalent bonds

Hydrolysis reactions

Break bonds between linked monomers

Condensation reactions

Are responsible for the linking of monomers into polymers

Polysaccharides are

Polymers of sugar monomers

Monosaccharides are

Easily soluble in water

Fats (triglycerols) are hydrophobic because

They contain many C-C and C-H bonds

Polyunsaturated fats contain

Several C=C bonds

Oils are liquid at room temperature while fats are solid because

Oops have more C=C bonds

One way in which fats differ from phospholipids is that

Fats do not contain phosphate

Proteins are

Polymers of amino acids

An alpha helix and beta pleated sheet are both examples of

Protein secondary (2) structure

Protein quartenary (4) structure exists only in situations where

The protein is composed of at least two subunits

The native conformation of a protein is

The three dimensional shape of the functional protein

Protein “dénaturation” refers to

Loss of the native conformation

Nucleotides are composed of

A 5c sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

The nitrogenous base found in DNA nucleotides are abbreviated as

T, G, C, A

The nitrogenous bases found in RNA nucleotides are abbreviated as

C, G, U, A

DNA nucleotides and RNA nucleotides

Differ in their five carbon sugars

DNA strands are complementary to each other. If one strand has the nucleotide sequence ATTGGCCTT, then the other would be

TAACCGGAA