The Treaty of Paris and the Philippine-American War

Vocabulary flashcards covering key events, figures, dates, and concepts of the Treaty of Paris and the Philippine-American War.

Treaty of Paris (1898)

An agreement signed on December 10, 1898, between Spain and the United States that ended the Spanish-American War, in which Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States for 20 million dollars without consulting the Filipinos.

20 Million Dollars

The sum paid by the United States to Spain under the Treaty of Paris in exchange for transferring Spanish claims and control over the Philippines.

Kawit, Cavite

The historic location where Emilio Aguinaldo declared Philippine independence from Spain on June 12, 1898.

First Philippine Republic

The government inaugurated on January 23, 1899, in Malolos, Bulacan, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, whose independence and authority were rejected by the United States.

February 4, 1899

The date when hostilities broke out between Filipino and American forces near San Juan del Monte, widely recognized as the start of the Philippine-American War.

Philippine-American War

An armed conflict primarily spanning 1899 to 1902 between Filipinos defending national independence and the United States seeking to maintain colonial dominance.

Battle of Tirad Pass

A battle fought on December 2, 1899, in Ilocos Sur where General Gregorio del Pilar commanded the rear-guard defense to aid the escape of Emilio Aguinaldo.

Palanan, Isabela

The location where President Emilio Aguinaldo was captured by American forces on March 23, 1901.

Emilio Aguinaldo

The President of the First Philippine Republic and the primary leader of the Filipino forces who resisted American colonization.

General Antonio Luna

A prominent Filipino general who championed a more organized, disciplined, and unified revolutionary army.

General Gregorio del Pilar

The Filipino general who led the defensive stand at Tirad Pass to protect President Emilio Aguinaldo's retreat.

William McKinley

The President of the United States whose government formalized and asserted American sovereignty over the Philippine archipelago.

Theodore Roosevelt

The President of the United States who officially declared an end to the widespread insurgency in the Philippines on July 4, 1902.

Conventional Warfare

The early fighting method utilized by the Filipino military involving organized military units directly opposing American forces.

Guerrilla Warfare

The combat tactic adopted by Filipino groups after conventional open fighting grew difficult, characterized by ambush tactics and rapid movement across territories.