Psych CAUB

When talking about memory models include these

CDDDEMS (craig dennis drinks dirty espresso martinis sparingly) Capacity - displacement - distortion - duration - encoding - modality - sequence.

Schema

mental representations that are derived from past experiences and knowledge. Make thinking require less energy, and make sense of current experiences and understand new information.

Accomodation

When existing schema is restructured to accommodate new information.

Assimilation

When we add new information to our schema.

Levelling

When the story becomes shorter with each retelling as participants omit what is seen as unimportant

Priming

When exposure or expereince to a stimulus puts an existing schema at the forefront of our mind, which in turn influences cognition and behaviour.

Cognitive load

the used amount of working memory resources, when our cognitive load is high, we are more inclined to rely on system 1 thinking.

Cognitive meisers

the theory that humans tend to minimise the amount of effort in thinking

Dual Processing model

system 1 and 2 thinking

Heuristic

a mental shortcut that guides decision making based on a more limited subset of information. Often used by system 1 thinking

Rational thinking

the ability to consider the relevant variables of a situation to access, organise, and analyze relevant information

Cognitive bias

A systemic error in thinking that occurs when we are processing information in the world around us that affects the decision we make

Anchoring bias

a cognitive bias where an individual depends to heavily on an initial piece of information when making descisions

Reconstructive memory

a theory of memory recall in which the act of remembering is influenced by other cognitive processes, including perception, past experience, and beliefs.

Episodic memory

Contextual information surrounding a memory, such as how things looked, sounded and smelled, and emotions.

Sharpening

when we emphasise smaller details that are consistent with our cognitive schema and affects how we remember a story. Can lead to including details that werent there.

Episodic memory

autobiographical recollection of specific events, situations, and experiences.

Flashbulb memories

A highly detailed, emotionally vivid ‘snapshot’ of the moment and circumstances in which emotionally arousing information was learnt.

Memory definition

memory can be defined as the processing, encoding, and retrieval of information. Uses the three fundamental processes (encoding, storage retrieval).

episodic memory

memory of specific events that occurred at a given time and place.

Semantic memory

General knowledge of facts and people

Working memory model

consists of central executive (visuospatial sketchpad, and phonological loop, relays info to LTM). This saq focuses on the phonological loop, which is a part of the WMM, and focuses on spoken and written material. This is the part which has articulatory control, and numbers or words can be rehearsed or repeated to be repeated for retention in the STM, or transfered to the phonological store.

Landry and Bartling (2011)

• Articulatory suppression on the WMM, if it would influence recollection of a written list of phonologically dissimilar words.

• there were 10 lists of words each containing 7 letters randomly constructed from 7 random letters. one group was shown the printed list then asked to recall them, the other had to say 1-2 whilst reading, suppressing the WMM.

Multi-store model of memory

Atkinson and sheffrin suggested that memory is stored in three different locations: sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory.

HM link with multistore memory

hippocampus removed, he has STM but not LTM, this allowed researchers to assume that these were different stores in the brain.