Europa Zachodnia w XIV–XV wieku

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering Western Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries, including the Hundred Years' War, the Burgundian Monarchy, the Holy Roman Empire, the Swiss Confederation, and the Spanish Reconquista.

Walezjusze

The royal dynasty that ruled France starting in 1328, when Filip VI assumed the throne following the extinction of the Kapetyngowie dynasty.

Wojna stuletnia (Hundred Years' War)

A long-lasting conflict between England and France fought from 1337 to 1453, caused by disputes over the French throne, English territories in France (Gujenna), and rivalry over Flandria.

Bitwa pod Crécy (1346)

A major battle fought in 1346 during the Hundred Years' War that resulted in an English victory.

Bitwa pod Maupertuis / Poitiers (1356)

A 1356 clash in the Hundred Years' War where the French suffered defeat and King Jan II Dobry was taken prisoner.

Pokój w Brétigny (1360)

A peace treaty concluded in 1360 through which England acquired extensive territorial possessions in France.

Bitwa pod Azincourt (1415)

A battle fought in 1415 during the Hundred Years' War that ended in an English victory.

Joanna d'Arc

A French national heroine who led the relief and liberation of Orlean in 1429, turning the tide of the war for France, before being burned at the stake by the English in 1431.

Pokój w Arras (1435)

A 1435 treaty in which Burgundia broke its alliance with England and aligned itself with France.

Filip Śmiały

The noble who was granted the Duchy of Burgundy in 1363, beginning the territorial expansion and rise of the Burgundian state.

Karol Zuchwały

The ruler of Burgundy whose death in 1477 precipitated the collapse of Burgundian power, after which France took a portion of its lands and the Habsburgowie acquired the remainder.

Monarchia burgundzka

A powerful state during the 14th–15th centuries comprising Burgundy and Niderlandy, known as one of the wealthiest realms in Europe and a major rival to France.

Habsburgowie

A European dynasty that steadily expanded its influence across Europe, took permanent control of the imperial throne in 1438, and gained territories following the fall of Burgundy.

Wielkie bezkrólewie (1254–1273)

The Great Interregnum; an era of weakened imperial central authority and internal struggles for the throne within the Empire from 1254 to 1273.

Rudolf I Habsburg

The German noble whose election as King of Germany in 1273 brought an end to the period of the Wielkie bezkrólewie.

Złota bulla (1356)

A constitutional document issued by Karol IV Luksemburski in 1356 regulating the imperial election by seven prince-electors, curbing the emperor's arbitrary influence and augmenting the power of the princes.

Elektorzy

The seven princes of the Empire formally designated and empowered by the Złota bulla of 1356 to elect the King of Germany.

Cesarstwo (Święte Cesarstwo Rzymskie)

The Holy Roman Empire; a political confederation of Central European lands and states under the formal suzerainty of the emperor.

Kantony

The primary territorial and administrative subdivisions of Switzerland.

Konfederacja Szwajcarska

An alliance of Swiss cantons founded in 1291 by Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden that progressively achieved autonomy and military independence from imperial rule.

Bitwa pod Morgarten (1315)

A military engagement in 1315 where the Swiss confederates decisively defeated the forces of the Habsburgowie.

Bitwa pod Sempach (1386)

A major battle fought in 1386 resulting in another decisive Swiss victory against the Habsburgowie.

Pokój bazylejski (1499)

A peace treaty concluded in 1499 that recognized the de facto independence of the Konfederacja Szwajcarska from the Empire.

Decline of Chivalry (Upadek znaczenia rycerstwa)

The diminishing battlefield prominence of heavy armored knights, brought on by firearms, artillery, mercenary infantries, and Swiss infantry pike tactics.

Rekonkwista

The centuries-long military process (from the 8th century to 1492) by which Christian kingdoms reconquered the Iberian Peninsula lands occupied by Muslims.

Emirat Grenady

The last Muslim realm remaining on the Iberian Peninsula, which was conquered by Christian forces in 1492.

Izabela Kastylijska and Ferdynand Aragoński

The monarchs whose marriage in 1469 forged a close political union between Castile and Aragon, enabling the capture of Grenada in 1492 and the unification of Spain.