SMED bloodwork and radiographs -Redo

Blood draw locations

jugular vein

lateral saphenous vein

cephalic vein

medial saphenous vein (cats)

What is a blood draw location for cats only

medial saphenous vein

CBC tube color

purple

purple top tube

contains EDTA anticoagulant

evaluates white blood cells, red blood cells, red blood cell components, and platelets

what is the anticoagulant in a purple top tube

ethylene diamino tetra acetate

Red Blood Cell RBC function

carry oxygen from lungs to tissues using hemoglobin (protein)

What is an increase in RBC called

Erythrocytosis

What causes erythrocytosis

methylene blue toxicity

dehydration

what is decreased RBC called

anemia

What is the causes of anemia

blood loss

decreased RBC production

PCV/Hematocrit stands for

packed cell volume

normal PCV/Hematocrit range

35-55%

Increased PCV (>55%) caused by

dehydration

splenic contraction

hypoxemia

Decreased PCV value (<35%) cause

Anemia

Over hydration

What are WBC also called

leukocytes

What is the function of leukocytes

protect the body against infectious or foreign causes

what is increased WBC called

leukocytosis

What causes leukocytosis

infection

inflammation

what is decreased WBC called

Leukopenia

What causes leukopenia

viral infection

decreased bone marrow production

Neutrophils function

functions in inflammation by phagocytosis and killing bacteria

what is increased neutrophils called

neutrophilia

what causes neutrophilia

inflammation (acute or chronic)

Infection (toxic changes or bands present)

excitement/stress

what is decreased neutrophils called

neutropenia

what causes neutropenia

viral infection

intense inflammation (especially bacterial)

endotoxemia and severe hypothermia

lymphocytes function

mediate immune response

what is increased lymphocytes called

lymphocytosis

what causes lymphocytosis

infection

excitement/stress (especially cats)

cancers (leukemia, lymphoma)

hypoadrenocorticism (addisons)

what is decreased lymphocytes called

lymphopenia

what causes lymphopenia

acute infections (especially viral)

glucocorticoid use

immunodeficiency

monocytes function

become macrophages when in tissues and fluid to kill bacteria and fungi

what is increased monocytes called

monocytosis

what causes monocytosis

inflammation (acute or chronic)

stress

some cancers (leukemia)

What is a decrease in monocytes called

monocytopenia

what causes monocytopenia

not clinically significant

eosinophils function

attack parasites, inflammation of skin, respiratory disease (worms, wheezes, and weird diseases)

what is increased eosinophils called

eosinophilia

what causes eosinophilia

Parasites (intestinal, fleas)

Allergic reactions

Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison's disease)

what is a decreased eosinophil called

eosinopenia

what causes eosinopenia

stress

acute inflammation

rarely clinically significant

basophils function

can be seen with immune reactions (rarely seen in healthy animals)

what is increased basophils called

basophilia

what causes basophilia

allergic reactions (food, insect sting)

parasites

some cancers (mast cell neoplasm)

is decreased basophils clinically significant

no

what are platelets also known by

thrombocytes

what are the function of platelets or thrombocytes

required for inflammation and wound healing

normal platelet/ thrombocyte range

150,000-400,000 uL

what is increased thrombocytes called (platelets)

thrombocytosis

what causes thrombocytosis

exercise

epinephrine release

increased production- inflammation, iron deficiency

hyperadrenocorticism or cushings disease

what is decreased thrombocytes called (platelets)

thrombocytopenia

what causes thrombocytopenia

acute or severe blood loss

immune mediated destruction

infectious disease (canine distemper, canine parvo, tick borne disease)

Chemistry blood work tube color

red top tube

red top tube

evaluates organ and tissue function

what is apart of CBC or purple top tube

RBC, WBC, PCV, Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils, Platelets

what is apart of chemistry or red top tubes

total protein, albumin, globulin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), Creatinine, Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), blood glucose (BG), Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+)

total protein function

maintain osmotic pressure of blood, important to hemostasis, transport molecules such as drugs and hormones, and help with inflammation and immune response

are there multiple types of serum proteins?

Yes different types of serum proteins help determine underlying cause

Albumin function

predominant protein within blood

what causes increased albumin

dehydration

what causes decreased albumin

kidney disease

burns

hemorrhage

decreased production

liver disease

acute inflammation

severe gastrointestinal disease

dilution (fluid accumulation disorders like Congestive heart failure)

Globulin function

wide function

what causes increased globulins

liver disease

FIP

cancers (multiple myeloma, lymphoma)

Dehydration

What causes decreased globulins

hemorrhage

gastrointestinal protein loss

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) function

concentration of urea in blood- Kidney function

what causes increased BUN (Blood urea nitrogen)

dehydration

kidney disease

urinary obstruction

GI hemorrhage

what causes decreased BUN (blood urea nitrogen)

Liver failure

severe polyuria/polydipsia

Creatinine function

waste product of muscle creatine excreted through urine- Kidney function

what causes increased creatinine

kidney disease

what causes decreased creatinine

muscle loss

thin body condition

SDMA

more specific and more sensitive to kidney disease

early indicator

Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) function

enzyme in liver cell cytoplasm

what causes increased ALT (alanine aminotransferase)

liver cell damage/inflammation

liver disease

medications (steroids, carprofen, phenobarbital)

toxin

Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) function

enzyme found in liver, bone, and other tissues

increased ALP (alkaline phosphatase) causes

liver disease

gallbladder disease

medications (steroids, phenobarbital)

bone growth, fracture repair, osteo-

cushings disease

Blood Glucose function

sugar in blood used for energy production

normal blood glucose range

60-125

increased blood glucose is called

hyperglycemia

hyperglycemia causes

diabetes mellitus

stress/excitement

postprandial (post mean)

Decreased blood glucose called

hypoglycemia

hypoglycemia causes

neonatal/juvenile infrequent feedings

insulin overdose

insulinoma

liver disease

sepsis

Sodium (Na+) function

extracellular fluid cation

Increased Na+ causes

fluid loss (vomiting diarrhea)

kidney disease

decreased Na+ causes

end stage kidney disease

GI loss (vomiting, diarrhea)

Overhydration

congestive heart failure

Potassium (K+) function

intracellular cation essential for action potentials in muscles

increased K+

urinary obstruction

hypoadrenocorticism or Addisons disease

diabetic ketoacidosis

decreased K+ causes

increased loss (vomiting, diarrhea)

IV fluid Dilution

How many views are recommended everytime for radiographs

3

what three views are reccomended everytime

right lateral

left lateral

ventral/dorsal

how to interpret radiographs

(always interpret entire thing)

crainal to caudal approach

systems approach

Black to white radiograph

gas

fat

soft tissue

mineral/bone

metal

white to black radiograph

metal

bone/mineral

soft tissue

fat

gas

how many opacities are there on radiographs

5

roentgen sign

1-size 2-shape 3-location 4-number 5-margins 6-opacity

what is the roentgen sign

method for describing radiographic abnormalities