Quiz 2 Study Guide: Tissues, Skeletal System, and Bone Markings

Flashcards covering tissue identification, skin layers, cranial and facial bones, sutures, vertebral structures, thoracic cage, and pectoral girdle markings for Quiz 2.

Stratum basale

The deepest layer of the five epidermal layers found in thick skin.

Stratum spinosum

The epidermal layer of thick skin located immediately superficial to the stratum basale.

Stratum granulosum

The epidermal layer of thick skin situated between the stratum spinosum and stratum lucidum.

Stratum lucidum

The clear layer of the epidermis found in thick skin between the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum.

Stratum corneum

The outermost, most superficial layer of the five epidermal layers in thick skin.

Dermis

The connective tissue layer of thick skin underlying the epidermis, composed of areolar tissue and dense irregular connective tissue.

Dense regular connective tissue

A connective tissue composed of parallel collagen fibers, nuclei of fibroblasts, and ground substance.

Dense irregular connective tissue

A connective tissue found in the dermis consisting of irregularly arranged collagen fibers, nuclei of fibroblasts, and ground substance.

Elastic cartilage

A type of cartilage containing chondrocytes inside lacunae and elastic fibers within its extracellular matrix.

Hyaline cartilage

A cartilage type composed of chondrocytes residing in lacunae embedded in an extracellular matrix.

Fibrocartilage

A fibrous cartilage type containing chondrocytes within lacunae and an extracellular matrix.

Osteon

The primary structural unit of compact bone, containing osteocytes and a central canal.

Cranial bones

The group of skull bones protecting the brain, consisting of the ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal bones.

Facial bones

The group of skull bones consisting of the inferior nasal conchae, lacrimal, mandible, maxilla, nasal, palatine, vomer, and zygomatic bones.

Coronal suture

The skull suture between the frontal and parietal bones, visible from anterior, lateral, and superior views.

Sagittal suture

The cranial suture situated between the two parietal bones, visible from the superior view.

Squamous suture

The cranial suture located between the parietal and temporal bones, visible from the lateral view.

Lambdoid suture

The cranial suture located between the parietal and occipital bones, visible from lateral and posterior views.

External acoustic meatus (EAM)

An ear canal bone marking located on the lateral view of the temporal bone.

Foramen magnum

A large opening on the inferior view of the occipital bone that transmits the spinal cord.

Sella turcica

A saddle-shaped bone marking on the sphenoid bone, visible from the superior view of the cranial cavity.

Crista galli

A prominent superior projection of the ethmoid bone, visible from the superior view of the cranial cavity.

Cribriform plate

A perforated horizontal plate of the ethmoid bone, visible from the superior view of the cranial cavity.

Mental foramen

An opening on the mandible bone visible from the anterior and lateral views.

Atlas (C1)

The first cervical vertebra, distinguished from other vertebrae by having an anterior arch and posterior arch, and lacking a body, spinous process, pedicle, and lamina.

Axis (C2)

The second cervical vertebra, distinguished by the presence of the dens (odontoid process).

Dens

A distinct tooth-like projection on the axis (C2) vertebra, visible from lateral and superior views.

Transverse foramen

A vertebral marking and opening located on the transverse processes exclusively in cervical vertebrae, visible from the superior view.

Costal facets

Markings found on thoracic vertebrae that articulate with the ribs, categorized into superior, inferior, and transverse facets.

Manubrium

The superior portion of the sternum, featuring the clavicular notches and articulating with the sternal body at the sternal angle.

Sternal angle

The junction between the manubrium and the body of the sternum, visible on the anterior view.

Xiphoid process

The small, inferior cartilaginous/bony projection marking the bottom of the sternum.

True ribs

Vertebrosternal ribs that attach directly to the sternum via individual costal cartilages.

False ribs

Ribs that do not attach directly to the sternum, including those connecting indirectly via cartilage as well as floating ribs.

Floating ribs

A subclass of false ribs that have no anterior attachment to the sternum or costal cartilage.

Sacral promontory

The prominent anterior-superior projecting lip of the sacrum, visible from the anterior view.

Glenoid cavity

A shallow depression on the lateral view of the scapula that articulates with the head of the humerus.

Acromion process

A lateral lateral-posterior bony projection of the scapula, continuous with the spine and visible from anterior, lateral, and posterior views.

Coracoid process

A hook-like anterior projection on the scapula, visible from anterior, lateral, and posterior views.