World History 1 - Exam 2 (Notes pages 49-64) - Prof. J

500 - 1500

The Middle Ages or Medieval Period (broken Early, High, Late)

732

Charles Martel defeats Muslim forces at Tours (end of N. expansion)

800

Charlemagne crowned emperor by the pope (Christmas Day)

1095 - 1291

The era of the Crusades

1215

Fourth Lateran Council affirms Transubstantiation

1337 - 1453

Hundred Years' War between England & France

1347 - 1352

Black Death (The Plague) devastates Europe (first main wave)

1350 - 1600

The Renaissance (using a broad time span)

1378 - 1417

The Great Western Schism

1440s

Movable metal type used in printing - Johann Gutenberg

Christendom

Church & state fused together

Curia became...

- "College of Cardinals"

- Created to select a pope

Primogeniture

The right of the eldest son to succeed to the estate of his father at the exclusion of all his

siblings

Simony

The buying & selling of spiritual or Church benefits

Franks

Germanic peoples with a kingdom located in modern France & Germany

Charles Martel

- "The Hammer"

- Served as Mayor of the Palace

- Defeated an Islamic army near Tours

Pepin the Great

Gave the pope territory in central Italy which became known as the "Papal States"

Charlemagne's Empire

- Established his rule over much of the former Roman Empire in Europe

- Enlisted "missi dominici" (traveling inspectors)

Charlemagne's Coronation

- Rome, Christmas Day

- During mass, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne

Charlemagne took the notion of church-state cooperation by...

Attaching it to Europe, he bequeathed (handed down/passed on) "Christendom" to generations

Charlemagne and the...

Carolingian Renaissance

From the 8th to 11th centuries, Europe was

Attacked/invaded by Vikings, Muslims, & Magyars

Vikings (Norsemen) made their home in Scandinavia

- "Norway, Sweden, Denmark"

- Terrorized coastal European peoples

- Visited North America

Magyars

- Early 900s they terrorized Europe

- Halted by Otto I, they integrated into mainstream European culture

"Knight" may describe...

Any nobleman who took up arms

Feudalism & manorialism emerged

that provided for...

- Law/order & economic livelihood at the local level

- Localism will dominate

Feudalism

Political relationship

Structure - Lord:

A grant of land (fief) to the vassal

Structure - Vassal:

(Ensures law/order on the) Fief he received

Manorialism

- Economic relationship

- Serfs lived on the lord's manor

Holy Roman Empire

Centered in the German states and Northern Italy

Otto I

Emerged as the strongest power in Europe

William the Conqueror

- Duke of Normandy

- Became King of England

- Defeated his rival at the Battle of Hastings

- He's NOT Holy Roman Emperor, but a ruler in France & England

Countering decline, a movement began at the monastery of...

Cluny (E. France) - Cluniac reform

Conflict: The Investiture Struggle

- The concepts of Simony & Primogeniture are related to investiture

Power struggle: Pope Gregory VII vs.

German King Henry IV

Under pressure (rebellion from nobles), Henry submits

- At Canossa

- Prestige gain for pope, loss for king

Pope Urban II convened the Council of Clermont

- He called on Christendom to unite to protect the Holy Sepulchre from further Muslim attack

- Crusaders were motivated by the desire to earn salvation

The First Crusade

- Destroyed villages & committed anti-Semitic atrocities

- Took Jerusalem &

massacred the inhabitants

The Third Crusade

Undertaken after Muslim leader Saladin took Jerusalem

The Fourth Crusade

Crusaders attacked Constantinople

Results of the crusades:

- Promoted the rise of towns and trade

- Increased conflict between Eastern and Western churches

What is an indulgence?

"An indulgence is partial or plenary according as it removes either part or all of the temporal punishment due to sin"

Excommunication

Cut the individual off from the church and its sacraments

Interdict

- Closed churches in a geographical area & forbade celebrating mass and other sacraments

- Designed to cause such an uproar from the masses, who would fear for their salvation, that the ruler would have to submit

The Inquisition

An ecclesiastical (church) court for the persecution of heresy

Friars

From Latin for brother

Dominican

Helped develop aspects of the present system of theology for the RCC

Franciscan

- Founded by Francis of Assisi

- Missionary work in the New World - California Missions

Pope Innocent III

- Likely the most powerful pope

- Claimed authority to rule the whole world

King John

Collected dues illegally, thus the barons (nobles) revolted

The Magna Carta

The idea (implied) that law is above the king

Papal bull Unam Sanctam asserted:

There was no salvation outside of the RCC

Developments in Medieval life

- Merchant guilds were designed to regulate commerce

- Craft guilds regulated professions

Scholasticism

- The name given to a theology that developed in "schools"

- Sought to demonstrate through deductive logic what they knew to be true by faith

The greatest of the scholastics was...

The Dominican Thomas Aquinas

Spanish Inquisition

- Organized under the RC monarchs Ferdinand & Isabella to combat heresy

- Its methods included torture, confiscation, & burning

The Black Death

- A combination of bubonic & pneumonic plagues

- A major European point of entry was through the shipping ports of Sicily

The plague was...

Episodic

Cause

- A bacterium

- Unscientific medieval Europeans had no true idea what was causing the carnage

Manifested itself in different forms

- Bubonic

- Pneumonic

Transmission to humans - Bubonic:

From rats disembarking and carry fleas

Transmission to humans - Pneumonic:

Spread by coughing or sneezing

Responses to the Black Death

- Flagellants sought a purging by flogging themselves

In some respects, the Black Death may have...

Weakened the RCC and paved the way for reformation

Avignon Papacy

Bishop of Rome (Pope) moves from Rome to Avignon, France - under the control of French kings

RCC Developments: Patronage

- Pluralism

- Absenteeism

The Great WESTERN Schism

- Pope Clement took up arms against Pope Urban & attacked Rome

- Being repulsed, Clement fled to Avignon - one pope in Rome, one in Avignon

Solution: The Conciliar Movement

The notion that a universal council, representing the entire church, had more authority than the pope

The Pisa Council

Cardinals selected a new pope

Problem with the Pisa Council

- The two other popes refused to accept the decision of the council and now there were three popes

- Roman, Avignon, and Conciliar

Council of Constance

Two of the competing popes were deposed or "resigned"

The Conciliar Movement eventually ended:

The RCC multi-pope dilemma

John Wycliffe

Translated the first English Bible

John Huss

- Prague professor

- Charged with heresy, tried, convicted, & burned at the stake

The Hundred Years' War

France eventually "wins"

Joan of Arc

- The English burned her at the stake (she was abandoned to her fate by the French king)

- Eventually canonized as an RC saint

Results of the Hundred Years' War

- There was increased nationalism

- The war established England and France as clearly distinct nations

The War of the Roses

- Henry Tudor won the war

(His eldest son, Arthur, died)

He didn't die in the war though; he just did in fact die...

Go read the notes if you don't believe me

In Spain, Ferdinand married:

Isabella

The Spanish "Catholic Sovereigns" (Ferd. & Isabella)

- "Completed" the Reconquista (re-conquest

- A "crusade" designed to oust Muslims who had invaded Spain

German "electors":

Princes of the Holy Roman Empire who hold the right to elect the Holy Roman Emperor, aka the German king

In Germany, "electors" possessed:

Considerable independence within their domains

THE RENAISSANCE ERA

WHAT & WHEN?

Let's find out!!!

Renaissance is a French word meaning:

"Rebirth"

Renaissance moved across

The Alps

Moving north, it became known as:

The Northern Renaissance

(no way, Josue...)

The High Renaissance

A time when artistic work reached a "peak" of perfection

ASPECTS/FACETS OF THE RENAISSANCE

There's three, don't get them wrong!!!

Humanism

- A term with multiple dimensions

- Cultural movement that emphasized rediscovery of ancient Greek & Roman ideas/values

Secularism

The Renaissance era tended to emphasize secular concerns, it did not seek to fully exclude God

Individualism

A school of thought emphasizing the importance of the individual

The Renaissance began in:

Northern Italy

Italian leaders possessed

(Disposable income) for patronage (sponsorship) of the arts

Florence (aka Firenze) is best identified as:

The cultural center or "heart" of Renaissance life

Johann Gutenberg

- "Invented" movable metal type

- Fashioned single letters and words out of metal

- These could be combined in trays to form words or sentences

Cosimo de Medici

- Ruled Florence

- The de Medici family made money through banking

Leonardo da Vinci

A true "Renaissance Man" (multi-talented)

Girolamo Savonarola

Preached against papal immorality

Desiderius Erasmus

A Dutch scholar referred to as the "Prince of Humanists"