unit 0 ap psych

limitations of intuition

humans cannot rely solely on intuition>prone to error

overconfidence bias

exaggerating competence or accuracy >taints data

confirmation bias

tendency to search for data that proves a preexisting hypothesis(proving yourself right)

hindsight bias

‘told you so” attitude

falsifiability

specific and measurable enough that it can be proven false if it is incorrect

operational definitions

instructions on replicating an experiment

self report bias

falsifying answers to look better

case study

an in depth investigation off an individual or a small group

naturalistic observation

watching and recording authentic behavior without manipulating it

meta-analysis

powerful method of summary combining previous studies

positive correlation

direct relationship where variables increase/decrease together

negative correlation

an inverse relationship where one increases and the other decreases

third variable problem

when two variables can be explained by an unaccounted for third variable

experimental method

active manipulation of an independent variable

cause and effect relationship

independent variable

the variable that is changed

dependent variable

variable that is being measured(doesn’t change)

experimental group

participants

irb

institutional review board

experimental bias

expectations skew data

observer bias

only recording what proves your point

single blind study

participants are unaware of circumstances researchers are

Empiricism

The concept of using observation to acquire knowledge

Empirical Method

rules for observation

Operational Definition

Measurable property of a person/object

construct Validity

The extent to which the thing being measured adequately characterizes the property

Reliability

The ability to detect differences in the magnitude of a property

Observer Bias

The tendency to allow expectations to influence opinions/ observations

Double-blind Study

Study in which Participants and researchers both dont know how the participants are expected to act

Natural Correlation

A correlation observed in the world around us

Correlation Coeffcient

A mathematical measure of both the direction and strength of a correlation

biological perspective

researchers look for genetics, hormones, o

cognitive perspective

researchers look at thoughts, memory, language

behavioral perspective

researchers look for learning, environment, observed behaviors

psychodynamic perspective

Researchers look for childhood experiences, motives and desires

humanistic perspective

reseachers look for personal growth, free will, positive potential

sociocultural perspective

researchers look for social interactions, culture, society

evolutionary perspective

researchers look for natural selection, survival traits, history

structuralism

ask what the mind is made of through experiments

functionalism

asks why a psychological process exists and how its helps humans