Unit 2 of AP Human Geography

Antinatalist Policies

Policies aimed to decrease the fertility rate of a given place.

Asylum Seeker

Someone who has migrated to another country with the hope of being recognized as a refugee.

Baby Boom, Bust & Echo

Boom - A spike in birth rates, typically occurring after a period of war.

Bust - The end of a baby boom, lasting until boomers reach childbearing age.

Echo - A spike in birth rates once baby boomers have reached childbearing age.

Birth Deficit

A slowdown of births to a rate below the replacement level, which often occurs during times of conflict, economic downturn, or due to cultural shifts.

Brain Drain

The large-scale emigration of highly educated or skilled workers from a place, usually to seek better lifestyle and professional opportunities abroad.

Carrying Capacity

The largest number of people that the environment of a particular area can support.

Census

A survey that counts the population of a state, nation, or other geographic region.

Chain Migration

Migration in which individuals follow the migratory path of preceding friends or family members to an existing community.

Crude Birth Rate

The number of live births every year for every 1000 people.

Crude Death Rate

The number of deaths per year for every 1000 people

Demographic Transition Model

A model that explains the 5 stages ofpopulation change that countries pass through as they modernize.

Dependency Ratio

The percentage of people within a population who are too young or too old to work and must rely on working adults for support.

Double Time

A measurement of how long a country will take to double its population based on its Natural Increase Rate.

Epidemiological Transition Model

A model of the predictable stages in disease and life expectancy that countries experience as they develop.

Forced Migration

A type of migration where people do not choose to relocate, but so do under threat of violence, persecution, or disaster.

Guest Worker

A person with temporary permission to immigrate and work in another country.

Immigration Quota

A limit on the number of people who can immigrate to a country from a particular place during a particular period of time.

Infant Mortality Rate

A measure of the number of babies who die before their first birthday for every 1000 births

Internally Displaced Persons

Someone forced to migrate for similar reasons to a refugee but who does not move across an international border.

Internal Migration

The permanent or semipermanent movement of individuals within a country.

Intervening Obstacle

Issues that make it difficult for migrants to reach their desired destination

Intervening Opportunity

A factor that causes a migrant to choose a different destination than the one they had

intended when starting their journey.

Life Expectancy

The average number of years a person can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions.

Malthusian Theory

The theory proposed by Malthus that society was on the path to mass starvation, as population was increasing faster than food production capabilities. Malthus recommended that people limit the number of children they had in order to not exhaust the Earth’s resources.

Migration

The permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another. It can be forced or voluntary.

Natural Increase Rate

The difference between the crude birth rate and crude death rate; a statistic that estimates the population growth of a country, not including population lost or gained due to migration.

Neo-Malthusians

People who have adopted Malthus’ ideas to fit modern conditions and believe that overpopulation is a serious problem and threat to the future.

One Child Policy

A set of antinatalist policies in place in China from 1979 to 2015 that incentivized families to have only one child using social and economic benefits.

Population Density

The number of people who live in a defined area.

Population Distribution

The pattern of where people live.

Population Pyramid

Age-gender composition graphs that can provide information on birth and death rates, life

expectancy, economic development, migration, and past events like natural disasters or war.

Pronatalist Policies

Policies aimed to increase the fertility rate of a given area.

Pull Factor

Positive conditions and circumstances that draw people to choose a destination when

migrating.

Push Factor

Negative circumstances, events, or conditions present where someone lives that make them want to leave.

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

• Most migrants travel short distances

• Migrants traveling long distances usually move to urban areas

• Migrants are more likely to come from large communities rather than small ones

• Migrants usually reach their destination through a series of smaller steps

• Most migrants move from less to more industrialized areas

• Every migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction

• Most migrants are younger adults (20-45 years old)

• Most international migrants are male, while more internal migrants are female

Refugee

A person forced to migrate to another country to avoid the effects of armed conflict, violence, violation of human rights, or other disasters, and cannot return to their home country for fear of persecution.

Remittances

Money that migrants send back to their family and friends in their home countries.

Step Migration

A process in which migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves.

Total Fertility Rate

The average number of children born per woman (aged 15-49).

Transhumance

Seasonal migration that pastoral herders make with their animals.

Transnational Migration

The permanent or semipermanent movement of individuals between countries.

Voluntary Migration

Migration done by choice, often for a better quality of life.