Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) and Behavior-Based Safety (BBS)

Practice flashcards covering Occupational Safety and Health programming, Department Orders, Behavior-Based Safety concepts, Safety Culture maturity, human failure classification, and Work Environment Measurement principles.

What are the 10 components of OSH Programming?

1. Management Leadership, 2. Worker Participation and Consultation, 3. HIRAC, 4. Safety Education and Training, 5. Workplace Inspection and Audits, 6. Incident Reporting and Inspection, 7. Emergency Preparedness and Response, 8. Occupational Health Services and Medical Surveillance, 9. Program Evaluation and Recordkeeping, and 10. Continuous Improvement.

Which Philippine Department Orders govern long hours of standing and long hours of sitting at work?

DO 178 governs safety and health measures for workers who have to stand at work, and DO 184 governs workers who have to spend long hours of sitting.

Which labor issuances cover HIV/AIDS and Cancer prevention and control in the private sector?

Labor Advisory No. 22 covers HIV/AIDS, and Labor Advisory No. 20 covers cancer prevention and control in the private sector.

How do Traditional Safety and Behavior-Based Safety (BBS) differ in their fundamental approach?

Traditional Safety is reactive, focuses on correcting problems after they occur, searches for the root cause, and emphasizes negative reinforcement. Behavior-Based Safety is proactive, focuses on observing worker behavior, discourages at-risk behaviors, and utilizes behavioral observation data.

What is the formula used to calculate Risk in OSH?

$$\text{Risk} = \text{Likelihood} \times \text{Consequence}$$

Who popularized Behavior-Based Safety in the United States, and what division did he lead?

H.W. Heinrich, who was Assistant Superintendent of the Engineering and Inspection division of Travelers Insurance Company during the 1930s and 1940s.

According to BBS core claims and the ASK HSE source, what percentages of accidents are caused by unsafe behaviors, and what percentage can be prevented by controlling behaviors?

$80\%$ to $96\%$ (or $80\%\text{–}90\%$) of workplace injuries and illnesses are caused by unsafe behavior, and controlling behaviors prevents $98\%$ of accidents.

In the Safety Iceberg Theory, what is categorized as Direct Costs versus Indirect Costs?

Direct Costs (top of the iceberg) are medical costs such as doctor visits, physical therapy, and medicine. Indirect Costs (bottom of the iceberg) include reduced productivity, accident investigations, administrative costs, lost supervisor time, replacement worker training, overtime, legal fees, equipment repair, negative publicity, and customer relation damage.

What are the exact event numbers that constitute the Iceberg Pyramid Ratio?

$1$ Catastrophic, $30$ Serious Events, $300$ Minor Events, $3,000$ Near Misses, and $30,000$ Unsafe Hazards (Behaviors/Acts & Conditions).

What are the four basic personality types in human behavior and their given percentages?

Envious ($30\%$ - most common), Optimistic ($20\%$), Pessimistic ($20\%$), and Trusting ($20\%$), with the remaining $10\%$ being Unspecified.

What are the '4 Cs' of Safety Culture?

Control, Communication, Cooperation, and Competence.

How are Positive and Negative Safety Cultures classified?

Positive Safety Culture is classified as Generative ('HSE is how we do business around here'), Proactive ('HSE leadership & values drive continuous improvement'), and Calculative ('We have a system in place to manage all hazards'). Negative Safety Culture is classified as Reactive ('HSE is important; we do a lot but every time we have an accident') and Pathetic ('Who cares as long as we are not caught').

What characterizes a Safety Tour as a measurement technique?

It follows a predetermined route through an area or workshop, typically lasts for $15\,\text{mins}$, and is conducted weekly by personnel-managers, supervisors, or safety representatives.

What are the five levels of the Safety Culture Maturity Model?

Level 1 (Emerging), Level 2 (Managing), Level 3 (Involving), Level 4 (Co-operating), and Level 5 (Continually Improving).

What does the ABC acronym represent in Behavior-Based Safety?

A stands for Antecedents (Triggers), B stands for Behavior (Human Performance/Acts), and C stands for Consequences (Results).

How does HSE categorize Predictable Human Failure types into Errors and Violations?

Errors are unintended deviations, split into Skill-based Errors (slips of action, lapses of memory) and Mistakes (rule-based, knowledge-based). Violations are deliberate deviations, categorized into Routine, Situational, and Exceptional Violations.

What are the three categories describing the relationship between behavior and wisdom?

Dependent (low/less motivation, believing in others, no inner drive), Inter-dependent (team players, system compliant, learn from others), and Independent (self-driven, proactive / best behaving).

What are the three components depicted in the BBS interventions triangle?

1. Hierarchy of Controls, 2. Safety Management System, and 3. Behavior.

What is the role of the Environmental Control Division (ECD) under the Republic of the Philippines?

A division of the Occupational Safety and Health Center (OSHC) that evaluates worker exposure and recommends control measures utilizing JISHA, OSHA, and NIOSH methods.

What are the four major categories of workplace hazards in Work Environment Measurement (WEM)?

1. Chemical Hazards, 2. Physical Hazards, 3. Biological Hazards, and 4. Ergonomic Hazards.

What unit and instrument are used to measure illumination in the workplace?

The unit of measurement is Lux, and the instrument used is the Luxmeter.

Which noise measurement instrument specifically measures peak sound levels lasting a fraction of a second, such as punch presses?

The Impulse Meter.

What instruments are used to assess workplace Heat Stress?

Globe, Wet and Dry Bulb Thermometers.

What are the relative densities of Methane ($\text{CH}_4$), Carbon Monoxide ($\text{CO}$), and Hydrogen Sulfide ($\text{H}_2\text{S}$) compared to air?

Methane ($\text{CH}_4$) is lighter than air, Carbon Monoxide ($\text{CO}$) is slightly lighter than air, and Hydrogen Sulfide ($\text{H}_2\text{S}$) is heavier than air.

What is the '2 by 2 Principle' in confined space air testing?

In stratified air sampling, test for a duration of at least $2\,\text{seconds}$ at $2\,\text{feet}$ intervals (dependent on the equipment user manual).