Exam 2 -- Dr. Ly

Dendrites

Receive chemical signals (neurotransmitters)

Axon

transmits info as a ‘Electrical signal” (action potential)

Myelin

Speed up neurotransmission. of the action potential

Gray matter

Largely made up of cell bodies

White matter

Fatty substance, myelinated axons

Frontal lobe

Thought, planning, movement.

professional cortex

Higher order cognition

Parietal lobe

Touch spacial relation.

the “where” pathway

occipital lobe

Processes visual information

temporal lobe

Hearing and memory

face and object recognition

cerebellum

memory-”motor memory”. riding a bike is a prime example. You do not have to relearn it!

implicit memory.

hippocampus

formation of new explicit memories. Helps take in new info and moves it into long term memory. can “say” outloud. spacial memory.

Spacial memory (apart of hippocampus)

where things are located in space.

• Relative to ME

• Relative to other things

Thalamus

Sensory gateway. All information goes to first (besides smell). Sends to right ‘spot’ for further explanation.

Basal Ganglia

Movement. dopamind gets released, can respond very strong.

Hypothalamus

regulates body function. keeps body in homeostasis.

• blood pressure

• body temperature

• emotions

Amygdala

Emotion

Emotional salience

what should something feel like

Brain plasticity-

Shapes to needs of environment.

what are the two primary conditions that neuroplasticity occurs in the brain

1. developmental plasticity

2. compensation for loss

Epigenetics-

Turning on and off your gene expression.

what part of the eye is for low light conditions?

Rods.

transduction

Change from an energy form to another energy form.

bottom up processing

piecing things together in small pieces.

top down processing

expectations and meaning —> CHANGE how we process info

Binocular depth cues

relies on info from both eyes.

binocular disparity

convergence

a good example would be the muscles that hold your eyes in place.

binocular disparity-

2 eyes differences. Brain fills in the differences between each eye.

monocular depth cues

Relies on info from ONE eye.

cues we use on flat surfaces (artwork) make dimensional.

occlusion, relative size, familiar size, linear perspective, texture gradient.

Absolute threshold

low minimum/ absolute bare minimum.

goes from 0 to something

difference threshold

already experiencing something.

How much do i have to take away until i notice.

webers law

Webers Law

Matters of heavy weight and light weight.

Intensity of 1st experiences- because 1st experience wasn’t intense, you don’t notice it.

The textbook presents the case of D.F., who had carbon monoxide poisoning, when discussing the "What and Where Pathways" in the brain. D.F. was not able to recognize objects or faces but she could locate and reach for and these objects. Based on what D.F. COULD DO, the stream of processing from the visual cortex to which lobe of the brain appears to be intact?

1. Frontal

2. Temporal

3. Parietal

4. Occipital

Parietal

Continuing from the previous scenario. Given this kind of research, we do not have the evidence to say that all people with similar damage to the brain would have the same outcomes as D.F. This statement best reflects an issue with which type of validity of the study results?

1. Construct

2. Internal

3. External

External validity

You see your friend, Jhene down the hallway. Your eyes are focusing on Jhene and they have slightly different perspectives of her and your brain combines these two perspectives to make a judgement about how far away Jhene is. Which concept does this scenario best depict?

1. Linear perspective

2. Convergence

3. Occlusion

4. Binocular disparity

Binocular disparity

Imagine that you're trying to find a seat in a large lecture hall. When viewing those seats in the distance, the muscles in your two eyes aim out in parallel lines. Which concept does this scenario best depict?

1. Relative size

2. Convergence

3. Linear perspective

4. Binocular disparity

Convergence

Imagine that you have run out of toilet paper and you need to run to the grocery store! When you enter the store, all the lights are on and it's really bright in there! Think about the process of how physical stimuli (i.e., light waves) come to be experienced. In the process of sensation, what type of sensory receptor in your eye is helping you most in this situation?

1. Rods

2. Ganglion cells

3. Retina

4. Cones

cones

Continuing from the previous scenario. After the visual cortex, the pathway of processing toward the __________ lobe is helping you out most to perceive where the packs of toilet paper are relative to where you’re standing.

1. Frontal

2. Parietal

3. Occipital

4. Temporal

Parietal

When thinking about the brain, we've previously discussed the idea of “fire together, wire together”.  Long-term potentiation (LTP) is how we understand this idea within the brain's functioning. LTP is the:

1. increase in post-synaptic neuron sensitivity after repeated firing from the pre-synaptic neuron.

2. epigenetics of memory that control whether gene expression turns on and off.

3. process by which sensory memory becomes shorter-term memory.

4. increase in myelin on the axons between two neurons after repeated firing.

increase in post-synaptic neuron sensitivity after repeated firing from the pre-synaptic neuron.

This area of the brain is thought to help me when I’m reading these new words on an exam question, trying to understand what the words mean, and also trying to retrieve your older memories of class concepts in order to come up with an answer. (Make sure you can also identify where this part is on a diagram.)

1. Frontal lobe

2. Occipital lobe

3. Cerebellum

4. Thalamus

5. Amygdala

6. Hippocampus

Frontal lobe

This area of the brain is thought to help with directing where our attention is needed for a given task. (Make sure you can also identify where this part is on a diagram.)

1. Cerebellum

2. Frontal lobe

3. Hippocampus

4. Amygdala

5. Occipital lobe

6. Thalamus

Frontal lobe

Clive Wearing could not form new memories. Which area of the brain is most likely impaired when someone cannot form new explicit memories? (Make sure you can also identify where this part is on a diagram.)

1. Amygdala

2. Basal ganglia

3. Cerebellum

4. Hippocampus

5. Thalamus

6. Hypothalamus

Hippocampus

Despite Clive Wearing's severe memory problems, he could still play the piano. He easily moved his fingers and hands across the keyboard. What area of the brain and connections are thought to be intact and allows him to remember how to play? (Make sure you can also identify where this part is on a diagram.)

1. Hypothalamus

2. Amygdala

3. Cerebellum

4. Hippocampus

5. Thalamus

6. Basal ganglia

Cerebellum

Dr. Ly advises that her students can more easily retrieve information in long-term storage by taking advantage of multiple memory systems. For example, for she suggests relating terms and definitions from the textbook to examples from students' own lives. She is helping you more easily retrieve that information from long-term storage by connecting ___________ and _____________.

1. episodic memory; working memory

2. procedural memory; semantic memory

3. semantic memory; episodic memory

4. explicit memory; implicit memory

semantic memory; episodic memory

It's fairly common for students to reread the textbook or rewrite their notes to study for their classes. However, these strategies are not effective because students are essentially repeating the same information without more deeper, meaningful processing. Which concept does this scenario best relate to?

1. Procedural memory

2. Sensory memory

3. Elaborative rehearsal

4. Maintenance rehearsal

Maintenance rehearsal

When students do elaborative rehearsal, there are more ways for new information that they encounter to initiate a search for related material in long-term memory. Because the memory pathways are numerous, it is much easier to access and retrieve that information. This statement best reflects which concept?

1. Working memory

2. Spreading activation model

3. Maintenance rehearsal

4. Encoding specificity principle

5. Selective attention

Spreading activation model

A main reason why self-testing and distributed practice are thought to be so effective is because learners are forced to repeatedly pull information from long-term memory into working memory and engage with the material on many occasions in different ways and contexts. Each time the material is engaged with, the memory is strengthened back into longer-term memory. What process does this situation best refer to?

Encoding specificity principle

Consolidation

Re-consolidation

Maintenance rehearsal

re-consolidation

During class, I told a story about a neurologist who was working with a patient who could remember old memories but was unable to form new memories. Every session, he would greet her, and it would be like the first time she met him each time. One day, the neurologist placed a pin in his hand when he shook her hand, pricking her enough to hurt. The next time, the patient said she didn’t know him, yet she hesitated to shake his hand. Given this patient’s condition, there is a problem with which process for forming new explicit memories?

1. Consolidation

2. Re-consolidation

3. Attention

4. Retrieval

5. Maintenance rehearsal

Consolidation

Continuing with the previous scenario. Given this patient's memory issue, what type of memory problem does this patient have?

1. Retrograde amnesia

2. Anterograde amnesia

3. Retroactive interference

4. Absentmindedness

5. Proactive interference

Anterograde amnesia

Continuing with the previous scenario. The patient’s fear of the handshake even though she could not say that she’s ever met him before is a form of a(n):

1. sensory memory.

2. explicit memory.

3. implicit memory.

4. working memory.

implicit memory

When people recall events like a recent date with someone, they will tell their stories a few times to different friends. Each time the stories are told, there are new contexts, additional information gets added, and there are multiple sources of interference each time they retrieve their memories and tell their stories. The change of your memories with each telling of the story is thought to be because of:

1. Consolidation

2. Re-consolidation

3. Persistence

4. Retrieval

5. Maintenance rehearsal

Re-consolidation

All of us use passwords to access our phones, websites, or computers. Sometimes the old, well-learned passwords we used to use affects our remembering of the new passwords we only just started using. This situation is best understood as an example of:

1. proactive interference.

2. retroactive interference.

3. elaborative rehearsal.

4. maintenance rehearsal.

5. absentmindedness.

proactive interference

In movies or television shows, there is often a storyline where a person wakes up from an accident and no longer remembers much of their past. bWhat type of memory problem does this example best represent?

1. Retrograde amnesia

2. Retroactive interference

3. Anterograde amnesia

4. Maintenance rehearsal.

5. Absentmindedness.

Retrograde amnesia

One of my students told me about how she remembered learning about Piaget's theory of cognitive development when she took PSYC100 with me. The problem is that I don't cover that topic in PSYC100! Instead, she likely learned about Piaget's theory in her HDFS201 class. This example best refers to which type of memory distortion?

1. Anterograde amnesia

2. Suggestibility

3. Memory bias

4. Source misattribution

5. Absentmindedness

Source misattribution

In the Ted Talk from the Perusall Discussion, Joshua Foer discusses the Baker/baker paradox where you will remember a man’s photo with the associated word of “baker” that is said to be a baker as a profession more than if said that the last name is Baker. This discussion highlights the use of ___________ in order to create _________________ which is how we theorize our long-term memories are organized.

1. elaborative rehearsal; networks of associations

2. maintenance rehearsal; networks of associations

3. encoding specificity; schemas

4. mnemonics; schemas

elaborative rehearsal; networks of associations

Dr. Simon states, “Police officers and prosecutors influence memory -- both unintentionally and intentionally -- through the ways in which they ask questions and conduct the identification process. They can shape, and even generate, what comes to be known as eyewitness testimony.” This quote best refers to which type of memory distortion?

1. Absentmindedness

2. Anterograde amnesia

3. Memory bias

4. Suggestibility

5. Source misattribution

Suggestibility

Short term memory

passive processing

working memory-

active processing

1. new info in

2. brining long term memory BACK for current use

what part of the brain is working memory largely associated with?

The frontal lobe.

List 3 things on how people will vary in the efficiency in working memory

1. genetics

2. ability to focus

3. strategies used to initially learn information and make connections to things already in long term memory

schemas

How we organize info we already know about.

implicit memories-

able to get it over time (stars in mirror)

Explicit memory

unable to form and consolidate new memories

misaltribution-

A memory distortion resulting from assigning a memory to the wrong source

Suggestibility-

the development of biased memories when provided with misleading information

memory bias-

Influence of current knowledge or emotional stake on skewing memory recall of past events

neurogenisis

process of creating new neurons in the brain

myelination-

Helps with speed of communication.

Synaptogensis ‘burst’-

overproduction of synapsis. connections are immature and weak.

pruning-

like trimming. Whatever you don’t use gets lost.

Aiden's mother typically works while she is in the same room as Aiden. Because she is working, she inconsistently interacts with him. There are some times when she is not emotionally engaging with him or even rejecting of him. However, other times, she is responsive to his cues and plays with him appropriately.

1. Secure

2. Insecure-ambivalent

3. Insecure-avoidant

Insecure-ambivalent

Researchers typically conduct longitudinal studies where we are examining the associations between infant attachment security with later adult functioning. By measuring these two variables at two different time points, which disadvantage of a correlational study design do we PREVENT?

1. High internal validity

2. Third variable problem

3. Poor construct validity

4. Directionality problem

Directionality problem

Min’s parent is present in her life but does not emotionally interact with her and is regularly non-responsive to Min’s cues. Which of the following statements would best characterize Min’s responses during the Strange Situation with this parent?

1. When the caregiver leaves, Min would be extremely, inconsolably upset.

2. Min would be comforted easily and explore the room once the caregiver returns.

3. When the caregiver returns, Min would be extremely clingy.

4. Min would not react much when the caregiver left or returned to the room.

Min would not react much when the caregiver left or returned to the room.

Let’s assume that Milo is securely attached. Which of the following statements would best characterize Milo’s responses during the Strange Situation?

1. Milo would calm down quickly and explore the room once the caregiver returns.

2. Milo would not be distressed when the caregiver left the room.

3. When the caregiver leaves, Milo would be extremely and inconsolably distressed.

4. When the caregiver returns, Milo would cling onto his caregiver and cry inconsolably.

Milo would calm down quickly and explore the room once the caregiver returns.

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the use of parentese with infants?

1. Parentese consists of strings of sounds that make up nonsense sounds and words.

2. There is evidence that the parentese-style of speaking to infants can be found only in North American cultures.

3. The kind of parentese that captures infants' attention consists of talking with slowly, with a high pitch, and an exaggeration of phonemes.

4. The more that parents speak to babies in parentese, the fewer the vocabulary words these babies produce later on.

The kind of parentese that captures infants' attention consists of talking with slowly, with a high pitch, and an exaggeration of phonemes.

When children are around 3-5 years old, they begin to learn that adding -ed makes a verb past tense. They end up adding -ed to every verb, even ones that do not follow that rule such as saying “runned” or “holded”. This entire scenario best represents which concept from language development?

1. Semantics

2. Joint attention

3. Overgeneralization

4. Telegraphic speech

Overgeneralization

Think about the atypical development in the brain structure for children with extreme neglect. What process in the developing brain is thought to account for the atypical development later on?

1. Myelination

2. Synaptic pruning

3. Neurogenesis

4. Further synaptogenesis and strengthening of connections

Synaptic pruning

During the first two years of life, our brains go through a synaptogenesis “burst”. What is thought to be the purpose of this neural process?

1. To trim away the unused connections between neurons in the brain

2. To increase the transmission speed of electrical signals between neurons

3. To allow our brains to be prepared to adapt to our unique environments

4. To create the neurons that we need by the time we are born

To allow our brains to be prepared to adapt to our unique environments

With secure attachments, babies treat their caregivers as a secure base from which they can explore and have even more stimulation. In regard to brain development, why is it important that babies actively explore their worlds?

1. Promotes synaptogenesis

2. Promotes greater amounts of synaptic pruning

3. Decreases myelin formation

4. Enhances neurogenesis

Promotes synaptogenesis

Much of research in attachment is correlational. There is evidence that infants’ attachment patterns are associated with the ability to self-regulate as adults. Though, it is possible that temperament (e.g., irritability) is directly associated with both infant attachment and adult self-regulation abilities. This scenario best represents:

1. the third variable problem.

2. random assignment.

3. the directionality problem.

4. poor construct validity.

the third variable problem