real real study guide psych

Trust vs. Mistrust

0–1 yrs; developing basic trust in caregivers.

Autonomy vs. Shame

1–3 yrs; developing independence and self-control.

Initiative vs. Guilt

3–6 yrs; asserting power through play and social interaction.

Industry vs. Inferiority

6–11 yrs; mastering skills and feeling competent.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Adolescence; forming a stable identity.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Young adulthood; forming close relationships.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Midlife; contributing to society and guiding next generation.

Integrity vs. Despair

Late life; reflecting on life with satisfaction or regret.

SST

Goal Shift

Future Time Perspective

Goals shift because remaining time feels limited.

Social Network Changes

Older adults narrow less-close connections and maintain close ones.

Mediterranean Diet

Rich in antioxidants, omega‑3, low red meat; supports longevity.

Caloric Reduction

Eating about 30% fewer calories is linked to longer life.

Positive Attitudes

Optimism and low cynicism improve aging outcomes.

Nankuru nai sa

Okinawan saying meaning “Things will work out somehow.”

Moai

Social support groups that meet regularly; linked to longevity.

Successful Aging (Rowe, 1997)

Avoid disease, maintain physical/cognitive function, stay socially/productively active.

Elite Athletes Over 30

Physical peak declines; slower recovery; reduced muscle mass.

Midlife Physical Changes

Presbyopia, wrinkles, sagging, menopause, reduced sperm/semen.

Midlife Health Predictors

Hardiness, stress management, social support, exercise, healthy diet.

Prenatal Periods

Germinal, Embryonic, Fetal.

Germinal Period

Zygote → morula → blastocyst → implantation.

Embryonic Period

Major organs form; cells specialize.

Fetal Period

Growth and finishing; organs mature.

Teratology

Study of harmful prenatal environmental agents.

Teratogen Principles

Critical periods, dose, individual susceptibility.

Synaptogenesis

Rapid formation of synapses in infancy.

Pruning

Removal of unused synapses to increase efficiency.

Experience-Expectant

Brain development from universal experiences.

Experience-Dependent

Brain growth from unique experiences.

Cephalocaudal Development

Motor control develops head → downward.

Proximodistal Development

Motor control develops torso → extremities.

Reaching Development

Begins 4–5 months; improves by 6–8 months.

Visual Acuity

Poor at birth; near adult levels by 6–8 months.

Color Vision

Adult-like by 3 months.

Face Scanning

1 month

Sensorimotor Stage

Birth–2 yrs; object permanence, intentional actions, deferred imitation.

Preoperational Stage

2–7 yrs; pretend play, egocentrism, centration, no conservation.

Concrete Operational Stage

7–11 yrs; logical reasoning, conservation, seriation, classification.

Formal Operational Stage

11+ yrs; abstract and systematic reasoning.

Identity Exploration

Figuring out beliefs, values, love, work, worldviews.

Instability

Frequent changes in residence, stress, confusion.

Self-Focused

Responsibility for oneself; self-sufficiency.

Possibilities

Experimentation, open choices, trying new things.

Feeling “In-Between”

Not fully adult, not adolescent.

Societal Shifts

More education, cohabitation, later marriage/parenthood.

Adult Milestones by 30

About ¾ have stable employment, are married, or have a child.