MicroBio test 2

Icosahedral

flu and herpes simplex virus.

symmetrical, roughly spherical structure

capsid surrounds (naked)

capsid and envelope (enveloped)

van have viral surfaces

Filamentous

Ebola

long helical structure

viral proteins assemble around the genome

flexible filament

length depends on size of the viral genome

Tailed bacteriophage

bacteriophage T4

infects bacteria

complex structure head: icosahedral protein package (contains genetic material)

neck: channels the nucleic acid into host cell

tail: injects genetic material into host cells

Complex/ amorphous virus

poxviruses: vaccinia virus(chickenpox), variola virus (smallpox)

have complex internal structures surrounded by a viral envelope

brings in some of their own enzymes

Hemagglutinin (HA)

binds host cell receptors and facilitates viral entry

Neuraminidase (NA)

facilitates release of newly formed virions

sterilizations

destruction of all living microorganisms, including bacterial endospores and viruses

Disinfection

removal or destruction of most pathogenic microorganisms on inanimate surfaces. does not necessarily achieve sterilization

antisepsis

removal or destruction of microorganisms on living tissues

sanitation

reduction of microbial number to levels considered safe for public health

cidal

had the ability to kill microorganisms by damaging

static

inhibit the growth of microbes

Beta lactam

inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by blocking transpeptidation (reaction that cross links peptidoglycan chains)

highly selective

Penicillin

inhibit transpeptidation (beta lactam)

semisynthetic penicillin

developed in response to emergence of penicillin-resistant bacteria

modifications made to side chain of basic penicillin structure

Cephalosporins

targets transpeptidation

broader spectrum of activity

has more R groups that can be modified

Vancomycin

good for gram +

cannot cross cell membrane of gram neg due to being too large

prevents cross linking of amino acids and sugars. transpeptidation and trans glycosylation

Bacitracin

Inhibits cell wall synthesis by binding to bactoprenol lipid carrier (exports building blocks of peptidoglycan)

Gramicidin

peptide that sticks in the membrane and forms pores that lets cations through

not selectively toxic

never injected or consumer

polymyxin

better in gram neg works on lps

interacts with LPS in outer membrane of gram neg cell and acts like a detergent for cell membrane (creates micells)

Sulfonamides

inhibit the synthesis of nucleic acids by preventing the synthesis of folic acid (As and Ts)

Looks like PABA

Rifamycins

disrupts transcription by inhibiting RNA synthesis, specifically RNA polymerase

interfere with oral contraceptives and anticoagulants

Quinolones

interfere with DNA gyrase (prevents supercoiling) and packaging of DNA in bacterial cells

protein synthesis inhibitors

most will target translation by binding to the bacterial ribosome

Macrolides (erythromycin and azithromycin)

prevents peptidyltransferase activity and translocation

50s subunit

Aminoglycosides (streptomycin, gentamicin)

inhibits translocation and causes misreading of mRNA

30s subunit

Tetracyclines

prevents aminoacyl-tRNA entry into A site

30s subunit

bind calcium caused staining of teeth