Research

RELATED STUDIES

These are studies, inquiries, or investigations already conducted.

RELATED STUDIES

These materials are unpublished manuscripts, theses and dissertations.

RELATED LITERATURES

Composed of discussion of facts and principles.

RELATED LITERATURES

These materials are usually printed and found in books, encyclopedia, professional journals, magazines, newspapers, and other publications.

1. Help guide the researcher in searching for or selecting a better research problem.

2. Help the investigator understand his topic.

3. Ensure that there will be no duplication of other studies. Establish novelty.

4. Help and guide the researcher in making his research design.

IMPORTANCE OF THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES

DUPLICATION

Same research problem conducted in the same locale using the same respondents.

REPLICATION

Same research problem conducted in another locale or aspect.

PLAGIARISM

The use of another person's idea or words without giving appropriate credit.

Paraphrase

restates the original source in approximately the same number of words

Summary

condenses the original source. It is shorter than the original.

Direct

presents the material from source verbatim. Word for word.

Short Direct Quotes:

+ Uses the exact words of an author, + placed inside quotation marks.

Short Direct Quotes

In formats like APA Style, these are typically under 40 words and require a page number.

Partial Quotes

+ Integrates only a specific fragment or key phrase from the source's exact wording into your own sentence structure.

1. Authority - lends authority for controversial position or statements requiring expertise

2. Accuracy - for statements in which accuracy is extremely important e.g. Laws, formula, theories,

REASONS FOR USING DIRECT QUOTATION

+ Should be kept as short as possible

+ Should be pared down to essential portions

+ When very long (more than half page) place it in an appendix

LENGTH OF DIRECT QUOTATION

BLOCK QUOTATIONS

Used for longer passages (typically 40 words or more in APA).

BLOCK QUOTATIONS

Long Direct Quotes:

INDIRECT QUOTATIONS

Paraphrasing:

Paraphrasing:

Restates another person's specific idea or passage in your own words.

2. Summarizing:

1. Condenses a broad overview of a source or multiple ideas

2. Short, general summary in your own words with a citation.