lab practical 2

Wild mint = Mentha arvensis

Treatment: male birth control

Bloodroot = Sanguinaria canadensi

Treats: cancer, strengthens immune system

Indian Mustard = Brassica juncea

Treats: cancer

Lemon Balm = Melissa officinales

Treats: Alzheimer’s

Leopard bane = Arnica acaulis

Treats: wound treatment

Paw paw = Asimina triloba

Treats: cancer

American ginseng = Panax quinquefolia

Treats: influenza

Angel’s trumpet = Brugmansia spp.

Treats: morphine withdrawal

Red oak = Quercus rubra

Treats: diabetes

Blueberry plant = Vaccinium corymbosum

Treats: UTI’s

St. John’s Wort = Hypericum perforatum

Treats: depression

Multiflora rose = Rosa multiflora

Treats: pain relief, rheumatoid arthritis

Black Cohosh = Actaea pachypada

Treats: menopause

Blue Cohosh = Caulophyllum thalictroides

Treats: child birth

Sassafras = Sassafras albidum

Function: anti fungal

Hops = Humulus lupulus

Functions: sedative, chemopreventative, phytoestrogens

Passion flower = Passiflora incarnata

Treats: anxiety, withdrawal (alc & drugs)

Infusion

• 1 part dried herb of 3 parts fresh herbs to 20 parts water

• Steep 5-10 minutes in nearly boiling water

• Used for softer tissues = flowers, leaves, and green stems

Decoction

• 1 part herb to 20 parts water

• Bring to a rolling boil then simmer for 15-20 minutes

• Used for hard tissues = roots, rhizomes, bark, and seeds

Maceration

• 1 part herb to 5 parts solvent

• Potential solvents include: ethanol, vodka, vinegar, or glycerin

  • water can be used

• Store in an opaque sealed container for 2 weeks before use

this method is used when compounds of plant are more readily released with solvent

Digestion

• 1 part to 5 parts solvent = ethanol, vodka, vinegar, or glycerin

• Apply GENTLE heat for 1-4 hours

• Store in an opaque, sealed container for 2 weeks before use

this method is used when compounds of plant are more readily released with solvent and heat

Expression

Separating liquid from plant using a press (force)

Tincture

• 1 part herb to 4 parts liquid

• Liquid = water and ethanol in a 1:1 ratio

• Store in an opaque, sealed container for 2 weeks before use

• Used when plant compounds are more readily released with aid of solvent and heat

Poultice

• Mash fresh leaves using mortar and pestle or similar method

• Apply herb to skin where needed

• A bandage can be used to hold the poultice in place of wound/injury

• Used for soft tissue = flower, leaves, or watery/leafy green stems

Compress

• Soak cloth in a prepared infusion, decoction, or tincture

• Apply cloth to skin where needed

• Used when fresh herbs not available OR plant tissues require preparation for active compounds to become available

technically 2 step process

Baths

• Fresh herbs are added to warm/hot water

• Can be used both as topical and inhalation treatment

• topical bath = plant compounds absorbed by skin

• inhalation = vapor produced from steam

Branch points = Nodes

represent divergence of two species (groups of species)

Sister Taxa

share an immediate common ancestor

Pleisiomorphies

• Retained Ancestral characters

• Does NOT give us info about evolution of a group

Apomorphy

• Synapomorphy -type of apomorphy

  • Shows that there is a new lineage

  • assumed to have evolved from more recent common ancestor

• Derived = new character state

Monophyletic Groups

A group of species that includes a common ancestry and all of its descendants

• They contain Synapomorphies

Paraphyletic Groups

A group of species includes an ancestral special and only SOME (not all) of its descendants

Polyphyletic Groups

A group that includes the species with many different ancestors

• not seen as a good way to classify - often occurs due to incomplete info

Phenetic Classification

Overall similarities

Phylogenetic Classification

Based on evolutionary history or pattern of descent

Systematics

The study of the diversity of life on Earth today and its evolutionary history

Goal = the reconstruction of phylogeny of life

Characters vs Character states

Any characteristics of an organism (morphological or molecular) vs. different values that a character may have (purple, white, pink flowers)

Taxonomy

Science of describing and assigning scientific names to organisms - gives info of evolutionary history