DMD5101 Boron Chapters 10, 12 and 13単語カード

Afferent neurons

Transmit sensory information from the periphery to the CNS

Autonomic nervous system

Regulates and controls visceral functions including heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, body temperature, reproduction etc.

Axon

Projection of a neuron that usually carries a signal away from the cell body

Axoplasm

Cytoplasm within the axon of a neuron

Bipolar neurons

Neuron with two projections involved in the transmission of special senses

Chromatolysis

After axonal injury, most neuron cell bodies swell and undergo a characteristic rearrangement of organelles

Dendrites

Projections of a neuron that receive information and transmit it to the soma

Efferent neurons

Transmit motor output from the CNS to the periphery

Endoneurium

Connective tissue that surrounds individual axons

Epineurium

Connective tissue that surrounds bundles of fascicles

Fast Axoplasmic Transport

Transport of membranous organelles, including vesicles and mitochondria in neurons along microtubules

Fast Retrograde Transport

Transport of substances in a neuron back toward the cell body

Ganglia

Groups of nerve cells concentrated into small knots or clumps that are usually located outside the CNS.

Kinesin

Molecular motor that uses ATP for fast axoplasmic transport

Landry-Guillain-Barré syndrome

Inflammatory disorder resulting in segmental demyelination of neurons in the PNS

Microglia

Phagocytes in the CNS, derived from cells related to the monocyte-macrophage lineage

Multiple sclerosis

A progressive disorder characterized by distributed zones of demyelination in the brain and spinal cord (CNS)

Multipolar neurons

Nuerons that have many dendrites and a single axon

Nuclei

Neurons that share similar functions are grouped into aggregations

Oligodendrocytes

Myelinate axons in the CNS

Perineurium

Connective tissue that surrounds fascicles

Pyramidal

Cells with a pyramid-shaped set of dendritic branches

Somatic neurons

Provide motor innervation to muscle and skin

Stellate

Cells with a radial pattern of dendritic branches

Unipolar neurons

Neurons with only one projection that often have specialized structures for transducing physical stimulus into electrical activity via a single axon

Visceral neurons

Provide motor innervation to smooth muscle (internal organs), cardiac muscle and glands

Clear vesicles

Organelles concentrated at the active zone of an axon terminal that contain chemical transmitters

Dense-core granules

Organelles distributed randomly throughout the cytoplasm of an axon terminal that contain peptide transmitters

Locus coeruleus

Located bilaterally in the brainstem, regulates attention, arousal, sleep-wake cycles, learning and memory, anxiety and pain, mood, and brain metabolism (norepinephrine modulatory system)

Nine raphe nuclei

Located on either side of the brainstem, most active during wakefulness, when an animal is aroused and active (serotonin modulatory system)

"Reticular activating

Substantia nigra

Located in the midbrain, facilitates the initiation of voluntary movement. (dopamine modulatory system)

Parkinson disease

Degeneration of dopamine cells in the substantia nigra

Monoamines

Transmitters- acetylcholine, serotonin and histamine

Catecholamines

Transmitters- dopamine, noepinephrine and epinephrine

Nitric oxide

Gaseous transmitter synthesized from l-arginine released from pre- and post-synaptic neurons

Endocannabinoids

Endogenous lipophilic transmitters (anandamide and arachidonyl glycerol)

Tetrahydrocannabinol

Active ingredient in marijuana binds to cannabinoid receptors

Divergence

Ability of one transmitter to activate more than one type of receptor

Convergence

Multiple transmitters, each activating its own receptor type, converge on a single type of ion channel or second messenger pathway in a single cell.

AMPA

Glutamate channel that is equally permeable to sodium and potassium but very little calcium permeability, mediates fast excitation(EPSP)

NMDA

Glutamate channel that is equally permeable to sodium and potassium and highly permeable to calcium , mediates slower pahse of EPSP

GABAA receptor

Chloride selective channel that is hyperpolarizing when activated by GABA

Benzodiazepine

Increases the frequency of GABAA channel opening after activation by GABA

Barbiturate

Increases the duration of GABAA channel opening after activation by GABA

Working memory

Facts and events that are remembered for seconds to minutes

Long-term memory

Accumulation of knowledge over a lifetime

Plasticity

Activity-dependent changes in the effectiveness of synapses

Glutamate

Excitatory neurotransmitter, binds to a sodium channel

Aspartate

Excitatory neurotransmitter, binds to a sodium channel

Gamma amino butyric acid

Inhibitory neurotransmitter, binds to a chloride channel

Glycine

Inhibitory neurotransmitter, binds to a chloride channel