Reproduction

Male reproductive system purpose

create and deliver sperm

what creates sperm

testicles

Scrotum purpose

holds testicles outside pelvis

why are testicles outside the pelvis

bc DNA is created at a certai temperature- lower than human body temp

testicles purpose

create sperm and secrete testosterone

Leydig cells purpose

secrete testosterones from in between the seminiferous tubulesan

another name for lyedig cells

interstitial cells

seminiferous tubules

long, coiled tubules- spermatogenesis site

sertoli cells

protect, nourish and promote spermatogenesis`

epididymis

connects testicles and vas deferen, sperm are stored

what is spermatogenesis

process of creating sperm

stages of spermarogenesis

mitosis, meiosis I, meiosis II, spermiogenesis

mitosis in spermatogenesis

spermatogonia divide → some stay as stem cells, some become primary spermatocytes

meiosis I spermatogenesis

primary spermatocyte divides into two secondary spermatocytes

meiosis II in spermatogenesis

secondary spermatocytes divide into haploid spermatids

spermiogenesis

spermatids change shape → grow tail and mature into spermatozoa

vas deferens

tubes that connect epididymis to urethra

vasectomy

vas deferens are blocked or cut to stop sperm from entering the urethra

urethra

passage for semen and urine

accessory structures (males)

glands that produce semense

semen

liquid that transports sperm

bulbourethral gland

alkaline fluid

another name for the bulbourethral gland

Cowper’s gland

prostate gland

alkaline fluid

seminal vesicle

fructose rich fluid that provides energy for spermatogenesis

what is puberty

body begins transition into being able to create gametes

when puberty starts- male

9-14

when puberty starts- female

8-13

puberty process

the hypothalamus is triggered to stimulate pituitary glands and gonads to secrete hormones that will produce primary and secondary sexual characteristics

gonads

testies/ovaries

primary sex charcteristics in puberty- male

sperm production, first ejaculation with sperm, driven by hormones (FSH. LH, testosterone)

secondary sexual characteristics of puberty- male

facial and body hair, growth, voice deepens, broadening of shoulders, higher sweat and oil production

primary sexual characteristics of puberty- female

ovulation, menstruation, driven by hormones

secondary sexual characteristics of puberty- female

breast development, more body hair, widening pelvis, higher deposits of fat

what does the hypothalamus secrete to start puberty

GnRH

what does GnRH stimulate

anterior pituitary

what does the anterior pituitary hormone secrete in puberty

FSH and LH

FSH purpose- males

stimulates spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules

LH purpose- male

promote production of testosterone by the interstitial cells

andropause

testosterone levels gradually decline after 40

sexual characteristics of andropause

erectile disfunction, decrease in libido changes in orgasm

Physical changes andropause

lower muscle mass

higher waist line fat deposit

low bone density

sleep disturbance

low energy

emotional changes in andropause

high irritation

brain fog

high anxiety

depressed mood

purpose female reproductive system

create ova, receive sperm, support growth and developed of a fertilized egg into a fetus

ovaries

create sex hormones

oocytes

ova in the ovaries

how many eggs at birth

1.5 million

how many eggs actually mature

300

what are follicles

small sac of fluid that contains immature ova

primary oocyte

immature egg formed at birth

granulosa cells

provide nutrients, chemical signals and protection for the developing follicle

what are primordial follicle

clumps of primary oocytes and granulosa cells

how many follicles mature and how often

10 ish every month

layers of ovulated ovum

corona radiata and zona pellucida

corona radiata purpose

supplies proteins to the cell

zona pellucida

coating that can only be penetrated by a single sperm

what happens when one ovum is released?

other follicles form corpus luteum

what corpus luteum does?

release hormones for pregnancy

what happens to the endometrial lining in ovulation

the lining thickens for pregnancy

how long can the ovum survive in the oviduct

24 hours

what happens if fertilization does not occur

the endometrial lining sheds

menstruation

shedding of the endometrial lining

another name for oviduct

fallopian tubes

what are the projections off of fallopian tubes

fimbria

what is the purpose of fimbria

catch ovum after ovulationwha

what happens after fimbria aquires the ovum

cilia lining of the tubes moves it with a wave like motion

ectopic pregnancy

ovum implants outside the uterus

uterus

pear-shaped size muscle

lining of the uterus

endometrium

endometriosis

endometrial tissue grow outside of the uterus

cervix

separates uterus from vagina

vagina

thin muscular tube

vulva

external genitals wh

what is included in the vulva

labia majora + minora, clitoris

why are glands in the male reproductive system are alkaline

neutralizes acidic urine and vaginal acidity for the sperm

Puberty in females- precess

hypothalamus stimulates anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH

What does the FSH do in females

development of sex organs and follicleswh

what do the follicles do

release estrogen

what does LH do in females

triggers ovulation

Menstrual cycle- phases order

flow, follicular, ovulation, luteal

what is the flow phase

first day of bleeding

shedding of the endometrium

when are the hormone levels at their lowest

flow phase

what is the follicular phase

GnRH stimulates the release of FSH → follicles mature → estrogen is released and inhibits FSH

what does estrogen do in the uterus

promote development of the endometrium

what is ovulation

estrogen triggers release of LH → triggers release of ovum → estrogen levels decrease → follicles form corpus luteum

what is luteal phase

corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone

role of estrogen and progesterone

stimulates development of endometrium and inhibits LH to prevent ovulation

menopause

consecutive 12 months without menstruation

average age for menopause

52

perimenopause

transitional period before menopauseh

how long can perimenopause last

2-10 years, ave 4

perimenopause and menopause sexual changes

low sex drive

low vaginal secretion = low lubrication

changes in orgasm

perimenopause and menopause physical changes

irregular periods

hot flashes

thinning of the hair

itchy skin

sore joints

higher chances of uti

abdominal weight gain

incontinence

what is incontinence

no bladder control

perimenopause and menopause emotional changes

mood swings

anxiety

depressed mood

brain fog

forgetfulness