Zuku VTNE Lab Results

Cheyletiella

A four-year-old male intact cat presents for pruritus and dorsal scaling. The organism shown under magnification below was found on the cat's fur.

What is it?

Otodectes

Notoedres

Cheyletiella

Neotrombicula

Sarcoptes

Perfusion

Blood lactate typically assesses what in a clinical setting?

Lactose intolerance

Quality of colostrum

Perfusion

Susceptibility to infection

Ketone levels

6 months

For approximately how long will maternal antibodies typically interfere with serologic testing in a foal?

9 months

Foals doe not have passive transfer of antibodies

12 months

6 months

2 months

Fluke

What is the common name for Fasciola hepatica?

Whipworm

Coccidia

Hookworm

Tapeworm

Fluke

Proteus spp.

There is a type of gram-negative bacteria that should be grown on selective media because it "swarms" rather than forming discrete colonies when grown on blood agar. This potentially obscures or inhibits other bacterial colonies from growing.

Which of these bacteria fits this discription?

Actinobacillus spp.

Mycobacterium spp.

Proteus spp.

Staphylococcus spp.

Corynebacterium spp.

Giardia spp.

For which avian parasite does a glass slide and a drop of saline assist in detection?

Ascarids

Flukes

Capillaria contorta

Candida Albicans

Giardia spp.

Crystal formation

Which of the following components can be affected by urine refrigeration and storage prior to analysis?

Urine glucose concentration

Urine specific gravity

Urine pH

Crystal formation

Urine protein level

Packed cell volume

What parameter can be calculated from hemoglobin concentration in most mammals?

Serum total protein

Thrombocyte count

Red cell distribution width

Lipemia index

Packed cell volume

PCR

The vet examines an adult horse that develops acute-onset fever, mild bilateral mucoid nasal discharge, and lethargy after returning from a horse show. The vet takes a nasal swab from each nostril for diagnostic testing.

The vet asks you to send out the sample for a "respiratory panel" that will rapidly test for the most common upper respiratory tract pathogens. The results should be back within 24 hours.

What type of test is typically run in this situation on these types of samples?

ELISA

Western blot

Culture

PCR
IFAT

Urine ketones

A high-producing dairy cow that is 1 month in lactation is off feed and has abnormally sweet breath.

What is the appropriate test?

Blood thyroid hormone

Milk glucose

Fecal egg count

Urine ketones

Salvia cortisol

1.008-1.012

What is the correct range for the specific gravity of isosthenuric urine?

1.013-1.023

1.020-1.025

1.000-1.007

1.008-1.012

1.030-1.045

240-300 mg/dl

What is the renal threshold for glucose in cats?

100-150 mg/dl

Glucose is never found in urine

180-200 mg/dl

60-110 mg/dl

240-300 mg/dl

Megakaryocytes

What are the precursor cells to platelets?

Parafollicular cells

Megakaryocytes

Granulocytes

Fibroblasts

Erythrocytes

Cheyletiella spp.

A three-year-old female spayed mixed breed dog is presented for intense itching. The dog has dry, scaly skin. The organism shown in the image below is identified following flea combing. Why is the dog itching?

Cheyletiella spp.

Demodex spp.

Pediculus spp.

Sarcoptes spp.

Ctenocephalides spp.

Eosinophil

Which type of white blood cell is classically associated with allergic reactions or parasitic infections?

Eosinophil

Erythrocyte

Thrombocyte

Neutrophil

Monocyte

Refrigerator

How should you store an animal’s body after death if the vet cannot perform a necropsy until the next day?

Freezer

Refrigerator

At normal body temperature for the species

In formalin

Closet

Recent systemic inflammatory response

What does an elevated peripheral neutrophil count indicated about a patient?

Chronic systemic inflammatory response

Acute reaction to an allergen

Recent systemic inflammatory response

Chronic viral infection

Long-term parasitic infestation

70-75 days

What is the earliest stage post-breeding that an experienced practitioner can reliably feel placentomes rectally in the gracid uterine horn in a pregnant cow?

90-120 days

70-75 days

80-85 days

40-55 days

30-35 days

Eccentrocytes

Which red blood cell morphology is seen in animals with oxidative damage?

Leptocytes

Schistocytes

Stomatocytes

Eccentrocytes

Sperocytes

Bleach-to-water at 1:10

What is the best way to decontaminate a dog's environment after a Cryptosporidium parvum infection?

Quaternary ammonium compounds

Bleach-to-water at 1:10

1.5% Chlorhexidine gluconate

Liquid detergent

It is unnecessary

Methemoglobinuria (brown urine)

Which one of the following lab abnormalities frequently accompanies acetaminophen (Tylenol) toxicosis in cats?

Thrombocytopenia (low platelets)

Increased red blood cells (polycythemia)

Alkalosis

Toxic neutrophils

Methemoglobinuria (brown urine)

Formation of blood clot

Which choice crrectly describes secondary hemostasis?

Slowing of flow in vessels associated with atherosclerosis

Platelets plug the leak

Breakdown of fibrin once area has healed

Applying pressure to a hemorrhaging vessel during surgery

Formation of blood clot

Alkaline

What is a normal urine pH for herbivores?

Neutral

Acidic

Alkaline

Depends on breed

Depends on diet

Ancylostoma caninum (hookworm)

A 1-month-old female puppy is presented with pale mucous membranes, a poor hair coat, dehydration, and dark, tarry diarrhea (melena). The puppy is underweight for her age and has a mildly distended abdomen.

Which one of the following parasites is the most likely cause of these signs?

Spirocerca lupi (esophageal worm)

Trichuris vulpis (whipworm)

Dipylidium caninum (tapeworm)

Ancylostoma caninum (hookworm)

Toxocara canis (roundworm)

Formation of platelet plug

Which choice correctly describes primary hemostasis?

Stepwise activation of coagulation factors

Applying manual pressure to site of hemorrhage

Prothrombin converted to thrombin

Formation of platelet plug

Fibrin clot is created

Strongylus vulgaris

Which of the following is the cause of equine verminous arteritis?

Strongyloides westeri

Trichostrongylus axei

Oxyuris equi

Strongylus vulgaris

Cyathostomes

The head

Rabies is a zoonotic disease with serious public health considerations because it is nearly always fatal if not treated soon after exposure.

What post-mortem sample should be collected for testing on a rabies-suspect animal?

Plasma collected with lithium heparin

The head

Cerebrospinal fluid

Fecal sample

Anticoagulated whole blood

This is normal in a horse

Some blood from an EDTA tube is spun down to measure the PCV and total solids in a horse. The plasma is light yellow in color.

What might this mean?

Centrifuge did not properly spin down the sample

This is normal in a horse

Animal has icterus

Patient is hyperlipemic

Sample hemolyzed

Acidemic

A blood sample with a pH of 6.9 is termed as what?

Alkalemic

Acidemic

Neutral

Osmotic

Basic

Multiply PCV by one third (0.33)

How might you roughly calculate the hemoglobin concentration in a blood sample from a domestic animal if you know the packed cell volume (PCV, %)?

Double the PCV

Multiply PCV by one third (0.33)

Divide PCV by half

Multiply PCV by one quarter (0.25)

Divide PCV by 2/3 (0.6)

Lymphocytes

Which white blood cells produce antibodies?

Lymphocytes

Neutrophils

Monocytes

Basophils

Eosinophils

Decanting method

Which choice is the best way recommended to recover parasites from the GI tract post-mortem?

Fecal sedimentation

Decanting method

Direct examination

Baermann technique

Centrifugal flotation

Inflammation in the urinary tract

Pyuria is associated with what process?

Infection in the perineum

Viral infection of the bladder wall

Inflammation in the urinary tract

The inability to retract the penis back into the prepuce

Irritation of the external genitalia in a female

Pyelonephritis (kidney infection)

What kind of problem may result in cellular casts containing white blood cells in the urine sediment of a dog?

Pyelonephritis (kidney infection)

Kidney hemorrhage

Hypertension

Renal dysplasia

Glomerular leakage

Doesn't interfere with blood cell morphology

What is the chief advantage of using ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) for complete blood count (CBC) samples?

Doesn't interfere with blood cell morphology

Allows thrombocytes aggregation, aiding cell counts

One of the rare anticoagulants that works on lipemic blood

Stains cells for easier examination

4 times

How much of an increase in serum antibody titer would be expected 3 weeks after an acute infection?

A decrease in titer would be expected

1.5 times

2 times

4 times

No change in titer

Motility

Which one of the following microscopic characteristics is evaluated first when examining sperm in a semen sample?

Concentration

Motility

Number present

Morphology

Head shape

Hyaline

Which type of cast may be found in the urine of a healthy dog?

None

Waxy

Fatty

Cellular

Hyaline

10:1 and up to 1 cm

What is the appropriate formalin-to-tissue ratio when fixing routine necropsy samples and what is the ideal thickness for tissue samples?

20:1 and up to 1.5 cm

10:1 and up to 1 cm

1:1 and up to 2 cm

5:1 and up to 0.5 cm

100:1 and up to 2 cm

Roundworm

Transplacental transmission is a substantial and important source of infection to puppies for which parasite?

Coccidia

Roundworm

Tapeworm

Whipworm

Hookworm

In 10% buffered formalin

How are tissue samples typically stored for routine histopathology?

Embedded in liquid paraffin

Immediately cooled in an air-tight container

Flash frozen with liquid nitrogen

In 10% buffered formalin

Covered with sterile isotonic saline

Sarcoptes scabei; superficial skin scraping

Match the external parasite with its appropriate diagnostic in dogs and cats.

Demodex canis; direct visualization

Trombicula spp.; deep skin scraping

Sarcoptes scabei; superficial skin scraping

Rhipicephalus sanguineus; ear cytology

Otodectes cynotis; tape preparation

Cryptococcus neoformans

For which type of infection is India ink used to stain impression smears for cytologic evaluation?

Histoplasma capsulatum

Cryptococcus neoformans

Candida albicans

Sporothrix schenckii

Coccidioides immitis

Anaplasma phagocytophilum

Which of the following bacteria require cultured animal cells to grow and are diagnosed by serology or molecular testing (PCR) instead of culture?

Enterococcus spp.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius

Nocardia spp.

Clostridium spp.

MCHC accounts for red blood cell volume/size

Why is mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) preferred over mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) when evaluating red blood cell indices?

MCHC can be calculated from PCV/TS, MCH cannot

Both parameters should be assessed together

MCH is not affected by hemolysis

MCHC accounts for red blood cell volume/size

Platelet count alters MCH but not MCHC

Falsely increased WBC count

During a microscopic examination of a blood smear sample, nucleated red blood cells are counted to avoid which one of the following errors?

Falsely decreased MCV

Falsely increased WBC count

Falsely increased basophil count

Falsely decreased WBC count

Falsely increased MCV

Ixodes spp.

What species of tick is responsible for the transmission of Lyme disease from wildlife to dogs in North America?

Toxocara spp.

Borrelia spp.

Amblyomma americanum

Ixodes spp.

Leptospira interrogans

Treponema paraluis-cuniculi

What organism causes "rabbit syphilis"?

Francisella tularensis

Encephalitozoon spp

Cheyletiella yasguri

Pasteurella multocida

Treponema paraluis-cuniculi

Lipemia

What change might be expected in the serum of a dog who just ate a can of food?

Increased total protein

Lipemia

Icterus

Low glucose

Hemolysis

Heartworm microfilariae

A modified Knott's test, the capillary hematocrit tube test, and the fresh blood-saline preparation test can all be used to find which one of the following parasite stages?

Nematode eggs

Coccidia oocysts

Heartworm microfilariae

Fluke sporocysts

Babesia merozoites

Distal renal tubule

Casts found in a urine sediment are formed in what urinary structure?

Urethra

Pelvis of the kidney

Mucus layer to the bladder wall

Distal renal tubule

Ureter

Blue-top tube (trisodium citrate)

Measure an activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and prothrombin time (PT) tests on which of the following samples to evaluate the coagulation cascade?

Lavender-top tube (EDTA)

Red-top tube (nothing added)

Blue-top tube (trisodium citrate)

Green-top tube (heparin)

Grey-top tube (diatomaceous earth)

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

Increase in which of the following enzymes on bloodwork would indicate hepatocellular damage in dogs and cats?

Creatine kinase (CK)

Gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT)

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH)

Chemotaxis, attachment, fusion with lysosomes, digestion

Which of the following lists the stages of phagocytosis in the correct order?

Chemotaxis, attachment, fusion with lysosomes, digestion

Hematopoiesis, extravasation, degranulation, absorption

Attachment, fusion, digestion, apoptosis

Attraction, adhesion, extravasation, apoptosis

Migration, diapedesis, adjoining with granules, digestion

All are correct

Which of the following combinations of parasite, intermediate host, and definitive host is/are correct?

Nematode, mosquito, dog

Cestode, flea, dog

Trematode, snail, sheep

All are correct

Donor cells are mixed with recipient serum

Which one of the following choices correctly describes the basic technique when performing a major cross-match?

Recipient serum and cells are mixed

Donor and recipient cells are mixed

Donor cells are mixed with recipient serum

Donor and recipient serum are mixed

Donor serum is mixed with washed recipient cells

An increase in white blood cells

Which one of the following choices correctly describes leukocytosis?

A decrease in protein levels

An increase in white blood cells

Hypersensitivity

Decreased percentage of lymphocytes

Increased percentage of neutrophils

Can be normal in cats

Which one of the following choices best explains the significance of a pungent odor in feline urine?

If female, the cat is in heat

Early indicator of urolithiasis in males

Can be normal in cats

The cat may be dehydrated

A urinary tract infection is present

Toxocara canis

Which canine parasite can cause visceral larva migrans in people?

Ancylostoma braziliense

Habronema muscae

Spirocerca lupi

Fasciola hepatica

Toxocara canis

Activated clotting time

Which of the following coagulation tests can be performed in a routine veterinary hospital?

Activated clotting time

Partial thromboplastin time

Prothrombin time

D-dimer assay

Fibrin degradation products

Different-colored cells

What does polychromasia mean on a red blood cell evaluation?

Cells of varying sizes

Cells that don't uptake stain well and appear abnormally pale

Different-colored cells

Fragments of cells are present

Irregularly shaped cells

Calibrator contains known, standard amount of a reference material

Which of the following statements is most accurate about controls and calibrators as part of a quality control program for an in-house laboratory?

Controls have an unknown quantity of each analyte being tested by the machine

Calibrator contains known, standard amount of a reference material

Controls are made in-house, calibrators are commercially available

Calibrators and controls are the same thing

Instruments should be calibrated every day

Schirmer tear test

A three-year old male Lhasa Apso is presented with a five-week history of bilateral mucoid ocular discharge and conjunctival hyperemia. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is the top differential.

The vet wants to evaluate tear production to confirm the diagnosis. What is this procedure called?

Menace response

Schirmer tear test

Nasolacrimal flush

Retropulsion of the globe

Fluorescein dye application

70-80%

What percentage of spermatozoa need to be progressively motile for a male dog to be considered fertile for breeding purposes?

70-80%

80-90%

At least 50%

60-70%

More than 95%

MacConkey's agar plate

Which choice is a primary bacterial isolation medium used to select for gram-negative organisms?

Mannitol salt agar

Citrate test media

Trypticase soy agar with 5% sheep blood

MacConkey's agar plate

Triple sugar iron agar slant

Radioimmunoassay

In regards to laboratory testing, what does RIA stand for?

Regulatory Inspection Agency

Rodent-based individual assessment

Radioimmunoassay

Rostral-Interior-Abducted

Reticulo-infectious antibody

Distilled water

What solution is used to confirm the accuracy of an in-house, manual refractometer?

Distilled water

0.9% saline

Potassium chloride

Zinc sulfate

50% dextrose

One month

By what age are most parameters on routine complete blood count and serum biochemistry the same in healthy foals as in adult horses?

A year

Three months

They are not different at any time

One month

Two weeks

Forward movement

Which one of the following choices describes the correct function of the flagella in bacteria?

Reproduction

Attachment to a surface

Sensory apparatus

Forward movement

Ingestion of food

Pulmonary contusions

A dog presents for emergency triage after being hit by a car. Venous blood gas reveals a low PCO2.

Which of the following could explain this value?

High spinal cord injury

Pulmonary contusions

Upper airway obstruction

Hypoventilation

Traumatic brain injury

An infection acquired in a hospital

What is a nosocomial infection?

An upper respiratory infection typically acquired at the dog-park

An infection that occurs secondary to injury

An infection transmitted from the mother to the babies via the placenta or milk

An infection acquired in a hospital

A sinusitis, typically found in horses

Parascaris equorum

Which one of the following is a cause of verminous pneumonia (summer colds) in foals?

Draschia megastoma

Oxyuris equi

Anoplocephela perfoliata

Strongylus vulgaris

Parascaris equorum

Start IV fluids, recheck BUN/creatinine in 12-24 hours

A 12-year-old Warmblood gelding is presented with a one-day history of anorexia, depression, and decreased manure.

Physical exam reveals dark pink, dry mucous membranes with a capillary refill time of 3 seconds (normal, <2 sec) and decreased gastrointestinal borborygmi (sounds) in all quadrants.

Preliminary lab work (PCV/TP, serum biochemistry) reveals mildly increased PCV and total solids, mildly increased BUN and creatinine (i.e., azotemia), and mildly increased lactate.

Which one of the following would be most appropriate way to help differentiate between pre-renal and renal azotemia in this horse?

Start IV fluids, recheck BUN/creatinine in 12-24 hours

Collect urine produced over a 24 hour period before starting fluid therapy

Administer furosemide and collect urine to measure specific gravity

Ultrasound the kidneys

Measure blood electrolyte levels

Platelets

The megakaryocyte is the precursor to which blood component?

Platelets

Plasma cells

Neutrophils

Erythrocytes

Lymphocytes

Gel can trap these larger molecules, falsely lowering results

Why is it recommended to NOT use a serum separator tube (SST) when collecting blood for drug measurements (e.g., phenobarbital levels) or hormone testing (e.g., endogenous cortisol)?

There is no reason to avoid using SST when doing these types of tests

Chemical interactions can falsely increase the sample readings

These break down too quickly at room temperature

Delays the clotting time too much

Gel can trap these larger molecules, falsely lowering results

Increased blood urea nitrogen and creatinine

Which of the following abnormalities are consistent with azotemia?

Pre- and post-prandial serum bile acids are elevated

Increased blood urea nitrogen and creatinine

Sodium-potassium ratio is too low

Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) are above the reference range

Normal pre-LDDS, increased post-LDDS

Circulating heartworm antigen

What does the heartworm SNAP ELISA test detect?

Heartworm microfilariae in the bloodstream

Previous heartworm exposure but not active infection

Heartworm-directed antibody

Heartworms resident in hepatic vasculature

Circulating heartworm antigen

Horses

In which animal is the appearance of these red blood cells a normal finding?

Dogs

Calves less than 4 weeks old

Goats

Horses

Pot belly pigs

Acanthocytes

What are red blood cells (RBCs) with multiple irregularly spaced projections called?

Cornified

Rouleaux

Acanthocytes

Metarubricytes

Spherocytes

Plasma, buffy coat, red blood cells

Which of the following correctly identifies the layers of blood in this spun-down microhematocrit tube? (from top to bottom)

Red and white blood cells, serum, platelets

Total protein, fibrinogen, packed cells

Serum, white blood cells, megakaryocytes

Platelets, packed cells, serum

Plasma, buffy coat, red blood cells

Sucking louse

A five-month-old male rat presents for lethargy and pruritus. There are a few excoriations and mild alopecia over the dorsum. Further examination detects small white speckles attached to the hairs.

Acetate tape imprints examined under the microscope reveal structures resembling eggs and a few parasites.

Which parasite has been found?

Demodicosis

Sucking louse

Fur mite

Sarcoptic mange

Cheyletiellosis

Motile stage of digenetic fluke

Which of the following correctly defines a miracidium?

Largest circulating leukocyte (white blood cell)

Motile stage of digenetic fluke

A tiny, "cap-like" door at one end of a parasite egg

Tool used to measure range of motion of joints

The first part of the pain pathway (nociception)

Toxoplasma gondii

Which protozoan organism can be transmitted to animals and people through ingestion of infected soil, unwashed/raw vegetables, uncooked meats, and contamination of hands with infected soil?

Chlamydophila abortus

Tritrichomonas (Trichomonas) foetus

Trichinella spp.

Microsporum spp.

Toxoplasma gondii

Sodium nitrate

What is currently the most commonly used fecal flotation solution in veterinary clinics?

Distilled water

Sodium nitrate

Saturated potassium solution

Saturated salt solution

Zinc sulfate solution

Crenation

On a blood smear acanthocytes must be differentiated from which of the following choices?

Schistocytes

Metarubricytes

Spherocytes

Crenation

Rouleaux

Fecal sedimentation

Which of the following fecal concentration techniques is most appropriate for detection of heavy parasite eggs (e.g., fluke/trematode eggs)?

Fecal sedimentation

Standard flotation with zinc sulfate

Commercial kit with saturated sodium chloride

Centrifugal flotation

Direct smear

3 to 5 days

Which of the following correctly identifies the time required to detect the bone marrow response following an episode of severe hemorrhage in a dog?

4 to 5 hours

1 to 2 weeks

3 to 5 days

1 to 2 minutes

Seconds-the bone marrow response is immediate

Red top tube first, EDTA next to prevent sample contamination

When more than one type of blood tube is required during a blood collection, in what order should they be filled?

EDTA first to minimize risk of a clotted sample

Lithium-hep first because it is so volatile

Order does not matter as long as you are quick

Always in the order of violet, blue-green, yellow, orange, and red

Red top tube first, EDTA next to prevent sample contamination

Difficult venipuncture

Which of these selections are a common cause of hemolysis in blood samples?

Difficult venipuncture

Failure to fast 12 hours before blood collection

Failure to occlude vein properly

Using too large of a needle

Advanced liver failure

Catalase-negative

What is a characteristic of Streptococci bacteria?

Gram-negative

Rod-shaped bacteria

Non-fermenters of sugar

Motile

Catalase-negative

Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT)

Which hepatic enzyme is inducible and often associated with cholestasis?

Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH)

Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT)

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

Parascaris equorum

Which one of the following is a cause of verminous pneumonia (summer colds) in foals?

Draschia megastoma

Anoplocephela perfoliata

Oxyuris equi

Parascaris equorum

Strongylus vulgaris

Irregularly shaped cells

What does poikilocytosis mean in a red blood cell evaluation?

Cells of varying color

Different-sized cells

Cells stacked on top of each other

Abnormally small cells

Irregularly shaped cells

Osmolality

Which of the following clinical chemistry parameters is a calculated value?

Bicarbonate

Blood urea nitrogen

Osmolality

Total protein

Total bilirubin

Oxyuris equi

The cellophane (Scotch®) tape test is most useful for detecting which equine parasite?

Strongyloides westeri

Onchocerca cervicalis

Anoplocephala perfoliata

Demodex caballi

Oxyuris equi

Leukocytes

What kind of cells are basophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes?

Phagocytes

Erythrocytes

Thrombocytes

Oocytes

Leukocytes

stacks of coins; normal; inflammatory and immune-mediated

Which one of the following choices correctly fills in the blanks in the following sentence? Rouleaux are formations of red blood cells (RBCs) appearing as _________; it is _________ in all horses and some cats, and can be seen in patients with _____________ disease(s).

grape-like formations; abnormal; starvation and parasitic

numerous clumps; common; granulomatous and traumatic

stacks of coins; normal; inflammatory and immune-mediated

individual cells; frequently seen; obesity related

rings; uncommon; anemia and autoimmune

Intestinal tract

Where is Escherichia coli a part of the normal (indigenous) microbial flora?

Intestinal tract

Stomach

Trachea

Ears, nose and throat

Skin

Increased hematocrit

Which one of the following may be seen in a blood sample from an excited horse, and is associated with epinephrine release?

Lymphocyte count is low

Reactive thrombocytosis

Increased hematocrit

Decreased neutrophil count

Spurious anemia

Lavender-top has EDTA

Match the blood collection tube color with its correct anticoagulant.

Lavender-top has EDTA

Red-top has citrate

Green-top has no anticoagulant

Blue-top has heparin

Red and black-top has formalin