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Spanish Colonization

Focused on extracting metals, establishing colonies, and the encomienda system.

French Colonization

Concentrated on fur trading and alliances with Native American tribes.

Dutch Colonization

Established trading posts with diverse populations and trade alliances.

British Colonization

Emphasized cash crops and enslaved labor in plantations.

Transatlantic Trade

Exchange of goods, people, and ideas between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

Triangular Trade System

Enslaved Africans to the Americas, raw materials to Europe, manufactured goods to Africa.

Mercantilism

Economic policies enhancing national power through favorable trade balances.

Slavery in British Colonies

Institutionalization of slavery, particularly in southern colonies.

Colonial Identity

Emergence of a distinct identity shaped by cultural pluralism and Enlightenment ideas.

Encomienda System

A labor system where indigenous peoples were forced to work for Spanish colonists in exchange for protection.

Popé's Rebellion

A 1680 uprising of the Pueblo people against Spanish colonization in New Mexico.

Cultural Pluralism

A society characterized by diverse ethnic groups and religions.

First Great Awakening

A religious revival movement that challenged established churches and promoted new denominations.

King Philip's War

A conflict between Native Americans and English settlers in New England over land and resources.