Psychology Chapter 1-6

Psychology is defined as the study of _______ and mental processes.

behavior

__________ psychologists evaluate problems such as anxiety and depression through interviews and psychological tests.

Clinical

_________ founded the school of structuralism.

Wilhelm Wundt

_________ psychologists saw our perceptions as wholes that give meaning to parts.

Gestalt

_________ psychologists note that only the fittest organisms reach maturity and reproduce, thereby transmitting their genes to future generations and causing species to evolve in adaptive directions.

Evolutionary

Kenneth and Mamie Phipps _________ conducted research that influenced a Supreme Court decision on segregated schools.

Clark

Psychologists adhere to _________ standards that help promote the dignity of the individual, maintain scientific integrity, and protect research participants and clinical clients from harm.

ethical

Neurons transmit messages to other neurons by means of chemical substances called _________ .

neurotransmitters

Neurons have a cell body, or soma; dendrites, which receive "messages"; and a(n) _________ , which extends from the cell body and transmits messages.

axon

The axons of many neurons have a fatty insulating sheath called _________ .

myelin

It is theorized that people with the psychological disorder called _________ apparently overutilize the neurotransmitter dopamine.

schizophrenia

The _________ nervous system regulates the glands and involuntary activities such as heartbeat and digestion.

autonomic

The brain structure called the _________ is involved in balance and coordination.

cerebellum

The concept of a struggle for _________ , _________ lies at the core of the theory of evolution.

existence, survival

People with _________ have an extra chromosome on the 21st pair.

Down syndrome

The behavior of _________ twins is of special interest to psychologists because their genetic endowment is the same.

monozygotic (identical)

_________ is the organization of sensations into an inner representation of the world; it reflects learning and expectations as well as sensations.

Perception

The _________ threshold for a stimulus, such as light, is the lowest intensity at which it can be detected.

absolute

The retina is made up of photoreceptors called _________ and _________

rods and cones

The axons of ganglion cells make up the _________ nerve, which conducts visual information to the brain.

optic

⦁ We perceive movement by sensing motion across the _________ of the eye and change of position in relation to other objects.

retina

⦁ Odors are detected by the _________ membrane in each nostril.

olfactory

⦁ The receptor neurons for taste are called _________ cells, which are located in taste buds on the tongue.

taste

⦁ Consciousness has several meanings, including sensory _________ , the selective aspect of attention, direct inner awareness, personal unity, and the waking state.

awareness

⦁ Because EEG patterns during REM sleep resemble those of the waking state, REM sleep is also called _________ sleep.

paradoxical

⦁ During a typical 8-hour night, we undergo (how many?) _________ trips through the different stages of sleep.

five

⦁ According to the _________ -synthesis model, dreams reflect neural activity.

activation

⦁ _________ is an altered state of consciousness in which people are suggestible and behave as though they are in a trance.

⦁ Hypnosis

⦁ A substance use disorder is characterized by loss of _________ over the use of the substance.

control

Biological or physiological symptoms of a substance use disorder include tolerance and an (a) _________ , _________ syndrome when one discontinues use of the substance.

abstinence, withdrawal

⦁ _________ is a stimulant that boosts self-confidence but also triggers rises in blood pressure and constricts the coronary arteries.

Cocaine

⦁ _________ substances distort perceptions.

Hallucinogenic

⦁ A response to an unconditioned stimulus is called a(n) _________ response.

unconditioned

⦁ A response to a conditioned stimulus is termed a(n) _________ response.

conditioned

⦁ Repeated presentation of a CS (such as a tone) without the UCS (such as meat) will _________ the CR (salivation).

extinguish

⦁ Extinguished responses often show _________ recovery as a function of the passage of time.

spontaneous

⦁ John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner used conditioning to teach a boy who is known as "Little _________ " to fear rats.

Albert

⦁ Memories of the events that happen to a person are _________ memories.

episodic

_________ memories concern generalized knowledge.

Semantic

⦁ One way of storing information is by _________ rehearsal, or by mentally repeating it.

maintenance

⦁ The Atkinson-Shiffrin model hypothesizes three stages of memory: _________ , _________ , and _________

: sensory, short-term, and long-term.

Maslow’s Heirarchy of Needs

1st) Physiological needs

2nd) Security

3rd) Social

4th) Esteem

5th) Self-Actualization

Steps to Problem Solving

1st) Define and Identify the Problem (Set Goal)

2nd) Analyze the Problem

3rd) Identifying Possible Solutions

4th) Selecting the Best Solutions

5th) Evaluating Solutions (Weigh out Pros and Cons)

6th) Develop an Action Plan (How to Implement Solution)

7th) Implement the Solution (Follow Action Plan)