polymers

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Last updated 9:43 PM on 9/30/26
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12 Terms

1
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polymerisation

the joining together of short-chained molecules or subunits called monomers to form long chained molecules or macromolecules called polymers

2
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addition polymerisation (propene example)

  • carbon-carbon double bond breaks in monomers, then the monomers have a free electron to form 2 new bonds with adjacent monomers

  • undergone by compounds with double bonds (e.g. alkenes)


<ul><li><p>carbon-carbon double bond breaks in monomers, then the monomers have a free electron to form 2 new bonds with adjacent monomers</p></li><li><p>undergone by compounds with double bonds (e.g. alkenes)</p></li></ul><p></p>
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plastics

  • addition polymers are sometimes called plastics

  • flexible, durable, waterproof, light-weight, strong

  • however carbon-carbon covalent bonds are strong and unreactive which is why they take so long to decompose, therefore disposal is a problem (nonbiodegradable)


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condensation polymerisation

  • polymer forms and also a smaller molecule such as water, HCl or NH3

  • monomers in condensation polymers must have 2 functional groups per monomer


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natural polymers

formed in condensation reactions, broken down in hydrolysis reactions

examples:

  • glucose → starch

  • amino acids → protein

  • nucleotides → DNA


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polyester

  • example of a synthetic condensation polymer

  • one monomer is a diol w/ two -OH groups, the other is a dicarboxylic acid w/ two -COOH groups

OR

  • one monomer containing both a carboxyl group and a hydroxyl group (e.g. 2-hydroxypropanoic acid/lactic acid)


7
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ester repeating unit

knowt flashcard image
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terylene/PET (draw)

  • an example of a polyester

  • formed from benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid and ethane-1,2-diol

  • used in food packaging and drinks bottles (clear, strong, lightweight)


<ul><li><p>an example of a polyester</p></li><li><p>formed from benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid and ethane-1,2-diol</p></li><li><p>used in food packaging and drinks bottles (clear, strong, lightweight)</p></li></ul><p></p>
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polylactic acid/PLA

  • polyester

  • formed from 2 hydroxypropanoic acid

  • biodegradable (ester bonds can be hydrolysed), used in disposable nappies and surgical stitches


<ul><li><p>polyester</p></li><li><p>formed from 2 hydroxypropanoic acid</p></li><li><p>biodegradable (ester bonds can be hydrolysed), used in disposable nappies and surgical stitches</p></li></ul><p></p>
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polyamides

  • formed from a dicarboxylic acid (-COOH) and a diamine (-NH2)

  • examples include nylon and kevlar

  • contains amide bond (peptide bond)


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nylon

  • formed from 1,6-diaminohexane (diamide) and hexanedioic acid (dicarboxylic acid)

  • used in ropes and clothes


<ul><li><p>formed from 1,6-diaminohexane (diamide) and hexanedioic acid (dicarboxylic acid)</p></li><li><p>used in ropes and clothes</p></li></ul><p></p>
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kevlar

  • formed from 1,4-diaminobenzene (diamide) and benzene-1,4 dicarboxylic acid (dicarboxylic acid)

  • used in bulletproof vests


<ul><li><p>formed from 1,4-diaminobenzene (diamide) and benzene-1,4 dicarboxylic acid (dicarboxylic acid)</p></li><li><p>used in bulletproof vests</p></li></ul><p></p>