Lab Exam 1

epithelial tissue that is most suited to  

Diffusion of gases across lung air sacs

Simple Squamous epithelium

Located: Alveoli of lungs, glomerular
capsule of kidney (filtration
membrane), endothelium of blood
vessels

epithelial tissue that is most suited to  

Mechanical protection & waterproofing

stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

Located: Skin, scalp

epithelial tissue that is most suited to

Secretion of mucus & movement of mucus

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Located: Trachea, bronchi, auditory canal of middle
ear

epithelial tissue that is most suited to  

Stretchy quality that allows expansion as the lumen is filled

transitional epithelium

Located: Urinary bladder, ureters, calyces (funnels) of
kidney

epithelial tissue that is most suited to

Secretion, absorption & chemical protection

Simple columnar epithelium

Located: Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum,
ileum), colon, stomach, gallbladder, uterus

epithelial tissue that is most suited to

Mechanical protection of a moist surface

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Located: Esophagus, tongue, vagina, anus, pharynx
(throat)

A Pap smear involves collection & microscopic examination of epithelial cells from the nonkeratinized stratified epithelium of the vagina & cervix. Which surface of the cells is the sample scraped from?

scraped from the apical surface of the epithelial cells.

fill in the blanks

1. simple squamous epithelium

2. filtering unit

3. simple cuboidal epithelium

4. lumen

stratum corneum

transitional epithelium

simple cuboidal epithelium

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

trachea

stratified squamous epithelium

tongue

simple squamous epithelium

simple columnar epithelium

uterus

what kind of tissue?

location

Areolar connective tissue

lining the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts

anchoring the epidermis and dermis to underlying muscles while allowing the skin to move freely

what kind of tissue?

location

adipose connective tissue

Directly beneath the skin (hypodermis) across the entire body

what kind of tissue

location

dense irregular connective

areas that need strength against pulling dif directions

skin, organ covering etc.

what kind of tissue

dense regular connective

tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses

what kind of tissue

location

hyaline cartilage connective

joints, the respiratory tract, lines the ends of bones in movable joints

what kind of tissue

location

bone connective tissue

skeletal system

what kind of tissue

location

blood connective

throughout the body inside blood vessels cardiovascular system

elastic cartilage

location

flexible, shape-retaining cartilage

the external ear (pinna), and parts of the larynx.

fibrocartilage

Fibrocartilage is a tough, shock-absorbing tissue

high-stress areas of the human body

spine, knee joint, pelvis, jaw

Considering that a hydrophilic stain was used to stain the skin, explain why the fat vacuoles in
adipocytes are white

hydrophilic “like’s water”

fats repel water so the fat filled adipocytes stay white and wont absorb the hydrophilic stain.

How do chondrocytes differ from fibroblasts in appearance?

chondrocytes: inside round lacunae. often stacked or clustered. hyaline cartiladge

Fibroblasts: flattened or oval shaped between between collagen and elastic fibers in loose or dense connective tissues

tissue that

Resists pulling forces at attachment points

dense regular connective tissue

tissue that

Smooth, slipper surface that reduces friction

hyaline cartilage

tissue that

Resists pulling forces from many different directions

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

tissue that

Stores lipids

adipose tissue

what kind of muscle

cardiac muscle tissue

involuntary

striated

1-2 center nuclei per cell

intercalated discs

branched muscle fibers

what kind of muscle

skeletal muscle tissue

voluntary

striated

long cylindrical

parallel fibers

what kind of muscle

smooth muscle

involuntary

non-striated
Cells are spindle shaped (pointed at both ends)

single central nucleus

location: walls of hollow organs, blood vessels,

what kind of tissue

Nervous Tissue

When one muscle cell dies, the tissue is usually replaced by dense irregular connective tissue. How do these tissues differ structurally & functionally?

Called fibrosis

forms a non-contractile scar

dense irregular connective tissue does not contract for movement

goes from elongated muscle fibers to thick interwoven bundles

Dense irregular connective tissue is sometimes confused with smooth muscle. How can you
distinguish between these two?

Dense:

thick collagen fibers between some cells

fibroblasts flattened between nuclei

Smooth:

tightly packed smooth muscle cells

nuclei in the center of cells

Write the parts of a multipolar neuron in the correct order of receiving & sending the impulse

1. Dendrites (receives the incoming signal)

2. Cell body (soma)

3. Axon

4. Synapse / Next Neuron

What is this tissue

name the parts

epidermis of thick skin

CLGSB - chat lets get sun burn

Stratum corneum

Stratum lucidum

Stratum granulosum

Stratum spinosum

stratum basale

name of tissue

name parts

thick skin

epidermis: CLGSB

dermis: Papillary region, Reticular region

hypodermis

what tissue

what structures

thin skin

idk read these

The epidermal layers of the skin in which these skin cancers arise:

Basal cell carcinoma

basal cell layer of the skin

deepest layer of the skin

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation damages the DNA inside these basal cells, leading to uncontrolled growth

The epidermal layers of the skin in which these skin cancers arise:

melanoma

basal cell layer

deepest layer

malignant transformation of melanocytes,

The epidermal layers of the skin in which these skin cancers arise:

Squamous cell carcinoma

stratum spinosum

keratin producing squamous cells produced here

Which part of the skin peels off with a minor sunburn?

epidermis

are permanent tattoos made by injecting pigment into the dermis or epidermis? Explain your
answer

dermis

Epidermal cells constantly die and flake off, renewing themselves every few weeks.

Which sub-layer of the epidermis has the oldest cells?

stratum corneum

topmost layer of the skin

cells get pushed up as they die

Explain why a superficial scrape doesn’t bleed

it only scratches the epidermis

epidermis has no blood capillaries of its own

IPMATC

i passed my anatomy test calmly

mnemonic for cell division

Interphase, (Mitosis:) prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase), and cytokinesis

difference between mitosis and meiosis

Mitosis makes two identical body cells for growth and repair, while meiosis makes four unique sex cells (gametes) for reproduction.

What cell cycle stage is this

Name the structures

interphase

spaghetti like chromatin

the nuclear envelope and a distinct nucleolus are clearly visible inside the nucleus

What cell cycle stage is this

Name the structures

Left cell: Prophase — Chromosomes are condensing and becoming visible.

Right cell: Interphase — Chromatin hasn’t condensed into visible chromosomes yet

What cell cycle stage is this

Name the structures

metaphase - chromosomes have lined up

spindle fibers are visible

What cell cycle stage is this

Name the structures

Anaphase - spindle fibers pull the chromosomes/sister chromatids apart

What cell cycle stage is this

Name the structures

Telophase - chromosomes pulled to opposite poles

guided by spindle fibers

cleavage furrow begins to split them during cytokinesis

how to interpret/calculate cell cycle phases of normal tissues and cancerous tissues

Mitotic Index: # of cells in mitosis (P, M, A, T)

            Total number of cells counted

Normal tissues: have a mitotic index range of 1% to 5%

Cancerous tissues: Significantly higher sometimes exceeding 10% 

Why is cell division important for both single-celled and multicellular organisms?

it allows single-celled organisms to reproduce and multicellular organisms to grow, develop, and repair damaged tissues

Why does cell division remain important to an adult organism even after it is fully developed?

to repair damaged tissue, heal wounds, and replace old or dead cells through continuous cell turnover

Cells divide, differentiate, or die. What is differentiation?

Differentiation is when unspecialized or immature cells (such as a stem cell) changes into a specialized cell type with a distinct structure and function (like a muscle cell, nerve cell, or red blood cell

What is apoptosis? What is its purpose?

the body's natural, programmed process of controlled cell death

Keeps the right balance of cells in your body by getting rid of old cells

kills cells before they become cancerous

Shapes tissues and organs during embryonic development

What are cell cycle regulators?

special proteins and molecular signals

Stimulating proteins drive the cycle forward
Inhibitory proteins stop the cycle

What happens if cell cycle regulators don’t function properly?

the body produces too many or too few cells

can lead to uncontrolled growth (cancer), tissue damage, or genetic disorders

Cells go through periods of growth and division. Cell division occurs during ___________________

mitosis

G1: gap 1 - The cell grows and makes new proteins and organelles.

S: synthesis - The cell replicates its DNA.

G2: gap 2 - The cell grows more and gets ready to divide.

In general, what is the purpose of a checkpoint in the cell cycle?

checkpoint - checks if previous stage is complete, cell size, nutrients, growth factors, and DNA damage.

If conditions fail, the cell may enter G0 a resting state or undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis)

What is the G0 phase of the cell cycle

G0 cells remain active but do not divide usually (after G1 phase)

causes: differentiated cells lost the need or capacity to divide, nutrient-deprived or energy-limited environment, Absence of Growth Factors, DNA damage or cellular stress

some cells enter G0 temporarily

What are cell cycle regulators

Stimulating proteins are encoded by proto-oncogenes
Inhibitory proteins are encoded by tumor suppressor genes
Examples include: cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)

Cancer is the result of an improperly regulated cell cycle. Describe two reasons why cells can form tumor

uncontrolled cell division and a failure of programmed cell death (apoptosis).

In some types of colon cancer, stem cells have a mutation in the APC gene. What happens if the APC gene is mutated?

APC gene produces a tumor suppressor protein that destroys beta-catenin when it is not needed

When APC is mutated or shortened, it fails to break down beta-catenin, which triggers uncontrolled cell growth and leads to colorectal cancer

Normally, proto-oncogenes stimulate the cell cycle. What are oncogenes and how do they affect the cell cycle?

mutated proto-oncogenes are oncogenes

they drive cells to grow and divide out of control.

To cause cancer, proto-oncogenes require _________ allele(s) to be mutated and therefore are
considered ______________________ . The mutation results in a ________ of function

proto-oncogenes require ONE allele to be mutated

Considered dominant because a single altered copy is enough to promote abnormal growth, even if the second allele is normal.

mutation results in a gain of function that pushes the cell through the cell cycle continuously.

Normally, tumor suppressor genes inhibit the cell cycle. How do mutated tumor suppressor genes affect the cell cycle?

Mutated tumor suppressor genes lose their ability to stop the cell cycle, leading to uncontrolled cell division and tumor growth

To cause cancer, tumor suppressor genes require __________ allele(s) to be mutated and therefore are considered ______________________ . The mutation results in a ________ of function.

tumor suppressor genes require both(or two) alleles to be mutated

are consideredrecessive (require both)

mutation results in a loss of function.