Biology 1030 Animal Final

Morphological characteristics

the size, shape, and presence or absence of different anatomical features

phylogentic tree

hypothesis of evolutionary relationships

Phylogeny

Evolutionary history of a species

Taxonomy

The science of classifying organisms

Phylogenetics

the study of evolutionary relationships among species

Systematics

a discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships

sister taxa

groups that share an immediate common ancestor

basal taxon

a taxon whose evolutionary lineage diverged early in the history of the group.

monophyletic

ALL descendants came from one common ancestor

paraphyletic

an ancestral species and some but not all of its descendants

polyphyletic

studying parts of two branches

outgroup

doesn't belong to the clade but it's closest relative

shared derived characteristic

feature present only in certain group/clade but not ancestor

shared ancestral characteristic

a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon

Homologies

phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry

Analogy

similarity due to convergent evolution

Linnaean Classification

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

how are structures of organisms ordered hierarchally?

molecule, cell, tissue, organ systems, organisms

What are the four types of tissues?

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

simple squamous epithelium

Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae.

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Location: Kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity(serosae)

stratified squamous epithelium

Function: protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion

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Location: nonkeratinized type forms the moist lining of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized type forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane.

cubodial epithelium

epithelial cells that look like small cubes; their function is secretion, protection and absorption

simple columnar epithelium

Function: Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliated action.

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Location: nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal), gallbladder and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

tissue that consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped and sized cells that give the appearance of multiple layers; found in ducts of certain glands and the upper respiratory tract

loose connective tissue

Tissue that binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place. Contains collagenous, elastic, and recticular fibers.

fibrous connective tissue

Dense tissue, large number of collagen fibers organized into parallel bundles. Includes ligaments and tendons.

adipose tissue

collection of fat cells

cartilage

strong connective tissue that supports the body and is softer and more flexible than bone

bone

Dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeleton

blood

Connective tissue made of plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

Homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

regulator

An animal that uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external fluctuation.

conformer

An animal that allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes.

Thermoregulation

Process of maintaining an internal temperature within a tolerable range.

mechanisms of regulation

radiation, evaporation, convection, conduction

vasodilation

A widening of the diameter of a blood vessel.

vasoconstriction

Reduces blood flow and heat transfer by decreasing the diameter of superficial blood vessels.

radiation

the emission of energy as electromagnetic waves

evaporation

removal of heat from surface of a liquid by losing some molecules as a gas

convection

The transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid

conduction

The direct transfer of heat from one substance to another substance that it is touching.

negative feedback loop

A feedback loop in which a system responds to a change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring.

positive feedback loop

a feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified

positive feedback in the body

blood clotting, uterine contractions, male ejaculation

negative feedback in the body

body temp, blood pH, blood sugar levels

Endotherm

An animal whose body controls and regulates its temperature by controlling the internal heat it produces

Ectotherm

An animal whose body does not produce much internal heat

Heterotherm

Varies between regulation methods

Radial symmetry

Top and bottom but no left or right

Bilateral symmetry

Front to back, top and bottom

ectoderm

germ layer covering the surface of the embryo

endoderm

innermost germ layer

mesoderm

layer between endoderm and ectoderm

Diploblastic

two germ layers

triploblastic

has three germ layers

body cavity

fluid filled spaces between tissue layers

Protostome

Mouth develops first

Deuterostome

anus develops develop first

protostome development

Spiral and determinant, planes of cell division are diagonal to axis of embryo, each cell has determined fate

Deuterostome development

Radial and indeterminant, planes of cell division are parallel to axis of embryo, each cell has capacity to develop into complete embryo

Archenteron

Embryos developing digestive tube as a blind pouch, becomes gut

Blastopore

Indentation during gastrulation that forms archenteron, first digest opening

Protostome coelom formation

Solid masses of mesoderm cells split and form coelom

Deuterostome coelom formation

Mesoderm buds from walls of archenteron and cavity become coelom

coelom

Small openings between digestive tract and outer body wall

Hemocoel

Large spaces between endoderm and mesoderm, fluid is hemolymph

Compact

No layers between tissues

Porifera

\-No tissues

\-Choanocytes and amoebocytes

\-No nervous system

\-Hermaphroditic

\-Asymmetric

\-Adults sessile, larvae swim

Cnidarians

\-Diploblast

\-Simple nervous system, no brain

\-Gastrovascular cavity

\-Cnidocytes; stinging, entangling, gripping

\-Polyp or Medusa

Platyhelminthes

\-Bilateral symmetry

\-Triploblastic

\-One digestive system, no body cavity

Molluscs

\-Bilateral, triploblastic, protostome

\-Complete digestive tract

\-Open circulatory system

\-Exoskeleton

\-Foot, visceral mass, mantle

Annelids

\-Bilateral, triploblastic, protostome

\-Segmented body plan

\-Closed circulatory system

Ecdysis

Shedding of exoskeleton

Nematodes

\-Bilateral, triploblastic, protostome

\-Tough cuticle exoskeleton

\-No circulatory system

\-Has an alimentary canal

Arthropods

\-Molting exoskeleton

\-Segmented body plan

\-Head, thorax, abdomen

\-Open circulatory system

\-Jointed appendages

Hemimetabolous

No metamorphosis, molting instead

Holometabolous

Full metamorphosis

Echinoderms

\-Bilateral, triploblastic, deuterostome

\-Larvae bilateral, adults radial symmetry

\-Posses exoskeleton

\-Can be dissolved and reformed

Chordates

\-Bilateral, segmented bodies, triploblastic

\-Invertebrate and vertebrate

\-Dorsal hollow nerve chord, notochord, pharyngeal slits, tail

Vertebrates

\-Dorsal hollow nerve chord, notochord, pharyngeal slits, tail

\-Multiple sets of Hox genes

\-Neural crest cells (teeth, some bones, cartilage, neutrons and sensory capsules in eyes and organs)

Notochord

Longitudinal, flexible rod, located between digestive tube and nerve chord, skeletal support

Dorsal hollow nerve chord

Develops from plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube, dorsal to notochord

Pharyngeal slits

Posterior to mouth, allows water entering mouth to exit body without passing through entire digestive system

Tetrapod’s

\-Four legged vertebrates

\-Amphibians

\-Amniotes

\-Reptiles

\-Mammals

\-Primates

Amphibians

\-Adults lack gills, larvae need gills

\-Four true legs

\-Can breathe through skin

\-Lay eggs in water

Amniotes

\-Animals that lay amniotic eggs

\-Fully adapted to life on land

\-Waterproof skin

Amniotic egg

\-Amnion: Fluid filled sac containing embryo

\-Yolk sac: Food source for embryo

\-Allantois: Waste and gas exchange

\-Chorion: Gas exchange

\-Waterproof shell

Reptiles

\-Turtles, crocodilians, birds

\-Ectotherms and Endotherms

Mammals

\-Mammary glands, hair, efficient kidneys

\-Four chambered heart

\-Large brain

\-Endothermic

\-Specialized teeth

Monotremes

\-Lay eggs

\-Don’t have nipples

\-Milk is secreted onto stomach

Eutherians

\-Complete embryonic development in womb

Marsupials

\-Begin development in womb

\-Then in pouch marsupium

Why do we eat?

To obtain energy, carbon and essential nutrients

What are essential nutrients

Nutrients we cant make, Fatty acids, essential amino acids and minerals

Water Soluble enzymes

B, C

\-Act as coenzymes in body, used by different enzymes

Fat soluble enzymes

A,D,E,K

\-Not involved as coenzymes, important for diet processes

What phylum’s only have gastrovascular cavities?

Cnidarians and flatworms

What phylum only has a food vacuole?

Porifera

What is the crop

Food storage chamber, little digestion, in worms, insects, and birds

Stomach/Midgut

Some digestion and food storage, little absorption (water, alcohol), Insects, birds, mammals