Chem test

electron dot notation

A diagram that shows the number of valence electrons surrounding an atom.

chemical bond

A lasting attraction between atoms that enables the formation of chemical compounds.

ionic bond

The electrostatic attraction between positively and negatively charged ions.

covalent bond

A bond formed when two non-metal atoms share electrons.

metallic bond

A bond formed by the attraction between positively charged metal ions and the electrons in a metal.

network solid

A solid in which many atoms are bonded together by covalent bonds in a continuous network.

single bond

A type of covalent bond where two atoms share one pair of electrons.

double bond

A type of covalent bond where two atoms share two pairs of electrons.

triple bond

A type of covalent bond where two atoms share three pairs of electrons.

lone pair

A pair of valence electrons that are not shared with another atom.

bond axis

The imaginary line that connects the nuclei of two atoms that are bonded together.

bond angle

The angle formed between three atoms across at least two bonds.

octet rule

The principle that atoms tend to bond in such a way that they have eight electrons in their valence shell.

VSEPR Theory

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory; used to predict the geometry of individual molecules.

molecular geometry

The three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule.

central atom

The atom in a molecule that is bonded to two or more other atoms.

terminal atom

An atom that is at the end of a bond in a molecule.

tetrahedral

A molecular geometry with one central atom and four surrounding atoms, with bond angles of approximately 109.5°.

pyramidal

A molecular geometry where one atom is at the top of a pyramid and three atoms are at the base, typically with bond angles of less than 109.5°.

bent angular

A molecular geometry characterized by a central atom bonded to two other atoms and having a lone pair, resulting in a bond angle less than 180°.

trigonal planar

A molecular geometry with one central atom and three surrounding atoms evenly spaced, creating bond angles of 120°.

linear

A molecular geometry where atoms are arranged in a straight line with a bond angle of 180°.

electronegativity

A measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons.

polar bond

A covalent bond in which the electrons are shared unequally between the two atoms.

non-polar bond

A covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally between the two atoms.

polar molecule

A molecule that has a net dipole as a result of the opposing charges from polar bonds.

non-polar molecule

A molecule that does not have a net dipole moment; its charges are balanced.

miscible

Substances that can be mixed together in any proportion.

immiscible

Substances that cannot be mixed together to form a homogeneous solution.

intramolecular force

The forces that hold the atoms within a molecule together.

intermolecular force

The forces that act between molecules.