Learn: Anatomy and physiology chapter 3 (energy, chemical reactions, and cellular respiration)

What is Energy

the capacity to do work

How many classes of energy are there?

2

What is potential energy?

energy of position or stored energy

What is kinetic energy?

energy of motion

Ex: when an arrow is pulled back in the bow it has ________

Potential energy

Ex: When the arrow is released it now has _____

Kinetic Energy

first law of thermodynamics

Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

second law of thermodynamics

when energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat)

What is a chemical reaction?

a process that changes, or transforms, one set of chemicals into another

What are the components of chemical reactions?

reactants and products

Reactant are _____

Substrates or substances that are found prior to the start of chemical reactions

Products are ____

substances formed at the end of the chemical reaction

Categories of chemical reactions are based on

Changes in chemical structure

Decomposition reaction is

breakdown of a molecule into smaller components

AB->A+B

decomposition reaction

sythesis reaction is

Two or more atoms, ions, or molecules that are combined to form a larger chemical structure

A+B->AB

synthesis reaction

exchange reaction is

Atom, molecules, electrons or ions are exchanged between two chemical structures

AB+C-->A+BC

exchange reaction

Catabolism is

breakdown of substances

Anabolism

Builds up

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism

oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions

a reaction that involves the transfer of electrons between reactants

Oxidation

loss of electrons

Reduction

gain of electrons

exergonic reaction

A chemical reaction that releases energy

endogonic reaction

absorbs energy and will not occur spontaneously

Reaction rate is measured by

How quickly the reaction takes place

activation energy (Ea)

the initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction

What does a catalyst do to a reaction?

A catalyst lowers the activation energy needed to start the reaction

What are enzymes?

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions

What is the relationship between enzymes and activation energy?

Enzymes lower the activation energy required for a chemical reaction to occur.

Most enzymes are

globular proteins

What is an active site?

a region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction.

enzyme-substrate complex

A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s).

Active site's speciffity

Only permits 1 single subrates to bind and helps catalyze one specific reaction

enzymes are located

Within some cells (ex: dna polymerase), plasma membrane (lactase) or secreting through cells

Change in enzyme shape

Permits new bonds to be formed

What is this a picture of?

Mechanism of action for an enzyme in a synthesis reaction

What are coenzymes?

Organic carrier molecules

What are effects of enzyme and substrate concentration

Rate of chemical reaction may be accelerated

Saturation is

so much substrate is present that all enzyme molecules are engaged in reaction

enzymes reaction rates are affected by

shape, temperature, pH

How are enzymes named?

An enzyme's name is created by adding '-ase' to the first part of the name of the substance on which it works

What is the pH for enzymes

Between pH of 6 and 8

Denaturation of enzymes

enzyme reactions are affected by temperature, pH, and the concentration of the substrate

True or False: Enzymes can be turned on

True

What turns off enzymes by binding to them

Inhibitors (competitive or noncompetitive)

competitive inhibition

Inhibitor competes with substrate for active site.

noncompetitive inhibitor (allosteric inhibitor)

bind to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective

metabolic pathways are composed of

Numerous enzymes to convert specific substrate to final product

How are metabolic processes regulated?

Negative feedback that involves product that serves as an allosteric inhibitor that binds to an enzyme early in the pathway

Cellular respiration makes

ATP

What process is used to synthesize ATP

Endergonic process

potential energy

stored energy

What is required for maximum atp production

Oxygen

What is glucose oxidation

-step by step breakdown of glucose with energy release

-carbon dioxide and water formed

Net reaction of glucose (CELLULAR RESPIRATION)

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O +ENERGY

phosphorylation and dephosphorylation

addition/removal of phosphate groups through the action of protein kinases/phosphatases

Cellular structures required for cellular respiration are

Glycolysis, intermediate stag, citric acid cycle, electron transport system

What is aerobic cellular respiration?

Series of oxygen-requiring reactions in mitochondria

Where does glycolysis occur?

cytoplasm of the cell (does not require oxygen)

Where does the electron transport chain occur?

inner membrane of mitochondria (requires oxygen)

Glycolysis

first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic molecules, net production of 2 ATP

substrate-level phosphorylation

The enzyme-catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.

What steps are happening

Steps 1-5 glycolysis

What is the final product of glycolysis?

Pyruvate, which removes both phosphates producing 2ATP.

Intermediate stage is

the link between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

What is intermediate stage catalyzed by

pyruvate dehydrogenase

during decarboxylation,

a carboxyl group is released from pyruvate as CO2

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA (derived from pyruvate) to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes; together with pyruvate oxidation, the second major stage in cellular respiration.

What is the function of the electron transport system

Transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP.

Where is the electron transport chain located?

inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae)

H+ pump

A transporter that actively moves H+ across a cell membrane, thereby generating a gradient that can be used by the cell, for example, to import other solutes.

3 major steps of electron transport system

1. electrons are transferred from coenzymes to O2 , 2. H+ GRADIENT is established, 3. H+ gradient is harnessed to form ATP

The process of forming ATP is

Oxidation phosphorylation

What process is this?

Stages of cellular respiration

How many ATP molecules are produced from glucose during cellular respiration

34 atp