Unit 1 Anatomy

Anatomy

study of structures of human body and its parts

Physiology

study of the functions of human body and its parts

what are the 10 Characteristics of Life

movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimiliation, and excretion.

metabolism

events inside body that obtain, release, utilize energy

what are the five environmental factors that life depends on?

water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure

water importance 4

most abundant in body, environment for metabolic process, required for transport of substance, helps regulate body temp

food importance

provide nutrients, supply energy and raw material to build tissue

oxygen importance

used to release energy from nutrient, cellular respiration and other process require oxygen

heat importance

maintains body temp, partly controls metabolic reaction rate

pressure importance

atm pressure needed to breathe, hydrostatic pressure keeps blood flowing

homeostasis

maintainence of stable internal environment

homeostatic mechanisms

self regulated system that maintains homeostasis

what are the 3 parts of homostatic mechanism

receptor (detect/provide info about stimuli), control center (decision maker, set point), effector (muscle/gland that responds to control center and causes necessary change)

negative feedback

effectors return condition to normal range (goes back to homeostasis)

body temp regulation, blood pressure glucose levels are controlled by what?

negative feedback

postive feedback

typically uncommon, the change is intensified or amplified. often short lived and produces unstable conditions

is blood clotting positive or negative feedback?

positive feedback

uterine contractions of childbirth positive or negative feedback?

positive

what are the two main portions of the human body

axial and appendicular portion

axial potion

head, neck, and trunk

appendicular portion

upper and lower limbs

major cavities of axial portion of the body

cranial cavity, vertebral cavity, thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity

diaphragm cavity location and its function

seperates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. helps control breathing

mediastinum cavity location

region between lungs and thoracic cavity

what organs are in the mediastinum cavity?

heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland

what are the two portions of the abominopelvic cavity

abdominal and pelvic cavity

abdominal cavity location

extends from diaphragm to top of pelvis

what organs do the abdominal cavity contain

stomach, liver, spleen, kidneys, small intestine and most of large intestine

pelvic cavity location

enclosed in pelvic bone

what organs do the pelvic cavity contain

end of large intestine, urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs

label cavities

.

small cavities of the head (4)

oral, nasal, orbital, middle ear

serous membranes function

secrete serous fluid that prevents friction between layers

serous membrane lines what cavities

thoracic and abdominopelvic

layers of serous membranes and differentiate them

visceral layer (inner layer, covers an organ directly on organ) parietal layer (outer layer lining the walls of the cavity)

visceral and parietal plura location

around lungs in thorax

visceral and parietal pericardium location

around the heart in the thorax. visceral = on heart, parietal = line the cavity

visceral and parietal peritoneum location

around abdominopelvic organs

label

.

label

7. visceral peritoneum 8.peritoneal cavity 9.parietal peritoneum

integumentary system function

aids in protection, helps regulate body temperature, helps with sensory reception and production of vitamin D

muscular system function

Cause movements, maintain posture, produce body heat

nervous system function

Detect changes, receive and interpret sensory information, stimulate muscles and glands

endocrine system function

helps control hormones in body, metabolic activities of body structures

cardiovascular system function

Move blood through blood vessels and transport substances throughout body

lymphatic system function

transports fluids, produces lymphocytes like white blood cells, Return tissue fluid to the blood, carry certain absorbed food molecules, defend the body against infection

digestive system function

recieves food, breaks it down and excretes waste. contains stomach/intestines/liver/pancreas

respiratory system function

involved with exchange of gasses between air and blood, intake/ouput of air—breath in oxygen and breathe out co2

urinary system

removes waste from blood, maintain water and electrolyte balance, store and eleminate urine

skeletal system function

Provide framework, protect soft tissues, provide attachments for muscles, produce blood cells, store inorganic salts

reproductive system function

Produce and maintain sperm cells, transfer sperm cells into female reproductive tract Produce and maintain egg cells, receive sperm cells, support development of an embryo, and function in birth process

integumentary system organs

skin hair nails sweat-glands sebaceous-glands

skeletal system organs

bones ligaments cartilages

muscular system organs

muscles

nervous system organs

brain spinal-cord nerves sense-organs

endocrine system organs

Glands that secrete hormones (pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, and thymus)

cardiovascular system organs

heart, arteries, capillaries, veins

lymphatic system organs

lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen

digestive system organs

Mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestines

respiratory system organs

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, tracheas, bronchi, lungs

urinary system organs

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

reproductive system organs

.

lifespan changes (aging)

hair loses pigment, skin wrinkles due to decrease in subcutaneous fat, skin stiffens due to decrease in collagen and elastin, percentage of fat in tissue increases, elevated blood pressure, metabolic rate decrease

bilateral

paired structure. example lungs or kidneys

ipsilateral

on same side

contralateral

on opposite side (arms)

sagittal

splits into left/right

transverse

horizontal cut, splits body into superior and inferior portion

coronal/frontal section

divides body into anterior and posterior

cross section

horizontal top bottomol

oblique section

top and bottom at an angle

longitudinal section

cut in half left and right

quad