ACM lecture test 3

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering canine and feline behavioral development, learning theory, clinical laboratory specimen collection (blood, urine, feces, cytologies), and companion animal nutritional principles.

Pre-Natal Period (Canine)

The developmental stage occurring from conception to birth (approximately $63\,\text{days}$ of fetal development), influenced by maternal stressors, health, nutrition, existing conditions, and genetics of the dam.

Neonatal Period (Canine)

The developmental stage from birth to $14\,\text{days}$, characterized by limited motor ability, presence of the righting reflex, sensitivity to touch, taste, and smell, while eyes and ears remain closed and non-functional. Short periods of daily handling during this time expedite physical and behavioral development.

Transition Period (Canine)

The stage spanning $11\text{--}21\,\text{days}$ of age marked by the transition from complete reliance to independence. It begins with the opening of the eyes and ends with the opening of the ear canals; puppies startle easily, begin standing and walking clumsily, eliminate without maternal stimulation, play fight, and display social signals.

Socialization Period (Canine)

The critical developmental window from $3\text{--}12\,\text{weeks}$ of age where long-lasting social attachments and associations are formed. Deprivation of safe socialization to humans, other species, and environments during this influential period can lead to fear and aggression.

Juvenile Period (Canine)

The stage extending from $3\text{--}4\,\text{months}$ of age to sexual maturity, during which dogs may experience fear periods and become easily frightened. A complete lack of exposure during this stage can result in globally fearful or feral behavior.

Pubs at risk of behavioral problems

Feral pups, hand reared pups, lack of or no socialization

Neonatal period (felines)

Strong, writing reflex, sensitive to touch taste and smell

Juvenile period (felines)

2 to 3 months of age

Pray behavior continues to be shaped by Queen by 12 weeks. Social play and prey behavior are increasingly correlated

siblings rather than queen shape behavior.

Kitten at risk of behavioral problems

Feral kittens, if not handled by humans before seven weeks of age will unlikely tolerate a persons touch

Adolescent Period (Canine)

The developmental phase from sexual maturity (puberty) to social maturity ($6\,\text{months}$ to $2\text{--}3\,\text{years}$), marked by rapid growth, territorial behavior, and increased independence. Reinforcement of socialization is necessary until $6\text{--}8\,\text{months}$ of age to prevent pups from reverting to fearful behaviors.

Feline Socialization Period

A sensitive window occurring between $2\text{--}10\,\text{weeks}$ of age for cat-cat and cat-human social bonds. Queens begin teaching prey behavior at $3\,\text{weeks}$, social play starts at $4\,\text{weeks}$, and independent prey behaviors emerge by $5\,\text{weeks}$.

Hand-Reared Kittens

Kittens raised without maternal and sibling interaction that often develop behavioral deficits, such as inappropriate play, rough biting, and scratching due to missing social correction at $4\text{--}8\,\text{weeks}$. If isolated from other cats until $10\,\text{months}$ of age, they are likely to remain hostile and aggressive toward conspecifics.

Recommended Adoption Age

The optimal timeframe to rehome young companion animals into new environments: $8\text{--}10\,\text{weeks}$ of age for puppies and $10\text{--}12\,\text{weeks}$ of age for kittens.

Hard-Wired Behavioral Traits

Innate genetic behavioral characteristics shaped by species or breed selection that are very difficult to suppress if present and difficult to teach if absent.

Family line influences

Characteristics of parents are important predictor of behavior of offspring

Not a guarantee of adult behavior of puppies were kittens

Varies within litters, puppy temperament testing shaped by training and experience

Behavior shaping concepts

Establishing and strengthening the human animal bond, house, training, teaching appropriate play behaviors, and obedience training

Genetic influence behavior

Dogs to sun from wolves very closely related

Food guarding dominance territoriality

Breed influences

Many came about from selecting for certain behavior traits

Many may or may not be appropriate in a particular family

Specialized training

Search and rescue

Seeing eye dogs/hearing disabled

Senior homes

Rehabilitation

how do you analyze and change problem behavior

Methods are based on linking consequences to specific behaviors

Positive Reinforcement

The most powerful operant learning tool, involving the application of a pleasant stimulus immediately following a desirable behavior to increase the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated.

Negative Reinforcement

The removal or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus following a behavior, thereby increasing the future frequency of that desired behavior (e.g., releasing pressure on a choke collar or loosening horse reins).

Punishment

The presentation of an unpleasant stimulus immediately following an unwanted behavior to decrease its frequency. To be effective, it must occur within $2\,\text{seconds}$ and be sufficiently unpleasant, though it does not teach an appropriate replacement behavior and risks eliciting fear or aggression.

Positive Punishment

The application of an aversive stimulus (such as a verbal reprimand, shock collar activation, or squirt of water) immediately following a behavior to decrease its occurrence.

Negative Punishment

The removal or termination of a pleasant stimulus or desirable reward (such as stopping play, withholding attention, or withdrawing social interaction) to decrease the frequency of an undesirable behavior.

Extinction

The behavioral modification process of withholding or eliminating positive reinforcement for a previously reinforced behavior in order to cause unlearning, which often involves an initial increase in the behavior before it declines.

Counter-Conditioning

A training technique that conditions an animal to perform an alternative behavior that is physically incompatible with the unwanted behavior (e.g., teaching a dog to sit upon greeting visitors instead of jumping).

Flooding (Response Blocking)

A technique exposing an animal to a fearful stimulus at full intensity while preventing escape until fear responses cease. Because it carries a high risk of intensifying phobias, it should generally be avoided.

Desensitization

A behavioral modification technique that introduces a stimulus at a low, non-reactive intensity and increases that intensity in gradual, small increments while rewarding calm behavior.

Medical Rule-Out Rule

The clinical standard requiring veterinary professionals to rule out underlying physiological or medical causes before diagnosing and treating a behavioral problem.

Sample collection goal

collect a sample as professional as possible, and fresh

Once the sample is collected, what should you do?

Tested immediately as the sample will go through changes which could lead to inaccurate results

Cells can deteriorate structures can form parasites can leave or enter

If unable to test right away, preserve it in a way to minimize pathological changes to the sample fridge if possible

If the animal provides sample on their own check to see if it needs to be analyzed this avoids invasive procedures

Different types of samples

Blood, urin, skin, ear smear, sperm FNA, CSF

why because it helps aid in diagnosing a disease or condition

Method of blood collection

Capillary collection, small vessels, ear puncture or toenail clip mostly used on pocket pets or exotics

Venipuncture Venus samples are required for the majority of blood tests, although arterial samples are needed for a few

Avian BLD

Jugular, leg, Ulnar/Brachial

Cow BLD

Tail coccigeal vein

Horse BLD

Jugular Venipuncture

Whole Blood

A diagnostic blood specimen containing both cellular elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets) and the liquid matrix, which must be gently mixed with an anticoagulant immediately following venipuncture to prevent clotting.

Plasma

The liquid portion of whole blood obtained by centrifuging anti-coagulated blood for $10\text{--}15\,\text{minutes}$, containing water, dissolved solids, and clotting factors.

Serum

The liquid portion of clotted blood harvested by centrifuging blood collected in a tube without anticoagulant (such as a red-top tube or SST) after allowing it to clot for $15\text{--}20\,\text{minutes}$.

EDTA Tube (Lavender Top Tube)

A collection tube containing the anticoagulant ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, most commonly utilized for running complete blood counts (CBC).

Heparin Tube (Green Top Tube)

A blood collection tube containing heparin anticoagulant, frequently used for plasma chemistries and commonly used to coat microhematocrit capillary tubes.

Sodium Citrate Tube (Blue Top Tube)

A specialized collection tube containing citrate anticoagulant, specifically indicated for coagulation and clotting profile assays.

Serum Separator Tube (SST / Marble Top Tube)

A clot tube containing a silicone gel layer that moves between the cell layer and serum during centrifugation, creating a physical barrier preventing contamination and cellular consumption.

Grey top tube

(ACT) activated clotting time

EDTA Last Rule

The strict sample collection guideline requiring EDTA collection tubes to be filled last during multi-tube venipunctures to avoid potassium additive cross-contamination that results in artifactual hyperkalemia.

What is urine?

It’s a byproduct of the urinary system

Water is 95%

dissolved Substance and formed elements is 5%

from waste products of metabolism,

uric acid and creatinine from protein metabolism

cells crystals casts parasites.

Cystocentesis

The percutaneous puncture of the urinary bladder via needle (bladder tap) to collect a sterile urine sample directly, considered the gold-standard method for bacterial culture and sensitivity.

Catheterization

Routinely performed on male dogs and results should be sterile sample if using a septic technique

Manual expression

Must be done carefully

clean the external genitalia first to avoid excessive contamination

Void or free catch

Into a container, clean and dry, preferably and it’s the least sterile method

First Morning Urine Specimen

The preferred clinical urine sample due to maximum concentration, reduced influence from recent feeding or exercise, and enhanced recovery of diagnostic cellular sediment, casts, and crystals.

urine handling

The specimen is readily available, and easily collected, often leads to carelessness in the handling of the specimen after being collected be careful

When should you analyze your urine?

If not, analyzed within 30 minutes, put it in the fridge, but must return to room temperature prior to testing

stirring gently prior to testing

Always label your collections

Type date, animals name time

Why do we test fecals

To identify parasites, bacterial assessment, normal versus abnormal

How to collect a fecal sample

by asking the owner

By removing debris directly from the rectum

Induce defecation with an enema plain water, although dilutes the sample

What fecal sample is ideal?

A fresh sample old samples are dehydrated morphological changes, make it difficult to identify some eggs some parasites may enter or leave

How do you store a fecal?

10% formalin preserves indefinitely refrigerator only a few days

Transportation of a fecal

Leak proof container

Proper identification

Keep sample covered

Wood's Lamp Examination

A diagnostic screening test utilizing a black light to evaluate dermatological lesions for the characteristic fluorescence displayed by certain dermatophyte (fungal) species.

Skin Scraping

A diagnostic collection method performed by scraping the perimeter of active alopecia or dermatological lesions to recover and identify external parasites, especially mites.

Semen collection

Evaluation of infertility or disease

Pre-breeding evaluation

Bacterial infection

A culture on perimeter or edge of lesion

Vagina testing

Helpful and determining the stage of the reproductive cycle in dogs and cats help identify optimal, timing of breeding or artificial insemination in small animals and reproductive diseases

Each stage of us exhibit cellular changes brought on by specific hormonal influences. It’s difficult to examine by one sample history and repeat exams may be needed.

Fine Needle Aspirate (FNA)

A minimally invasive diagnostic sampling technique involving needle puncture into a mass, lesion, or fluid pocket to aspirate cells and fluid for cytological microscopic evaluation.

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

The third major bodily fluid, which provides nutrients, removes waste products, and serves as a protective mechanical cushion for the brain and spinal cord; collected via cervical or lumbar tap under general anesthesia.

California Mastitis Test (CMT)

A rapid diagnostic screening test performed on dairy milk samples to assess somatic cell counts and detect the presence of mastitis.

Thermogenesis

The physiological production of metabolic heat generated by the body as a result of the digestion and metabolization of ingested nutrients.

Essential Amino Acid (EAA)

An amino acid that an animal's body cannot synthesize de novo in sufficient quantities and must obtain directly through the diet ($10$ essential amino acids in canines; $11$ in felines, including taurine).

Taurine

An essential amino acid required exclusively by felines due to limited endogenous synthesis pathways; deficiency results in severe clinical pathologies including dilated cardiomyopathy and central retinal degeneration.

Dietary Protein Biological Value

The comparative digestibility and nutritional availability of protein sources, rated as: eggs ($100\%$), fish ($92\%$), muscle meat ($92\%$), organ meat/milk/cheese ($80\%$), soybeans ($75\%$), rice ($72\%$), wheat ($60\%$), and corn ($55\%$).

Calcium-to-Phosphorus Ratio

The essential dietary balance of calcium and phosphorus required in companion animal diets, formulated at a ratio of approximately $2:1$, to prevent binding and impaired mineral absorption.

Factors that affect energy requirements

Temperament age, health status environment, cramped versus non-cramped, temperature pregnancy nursing

Components of food water

primary nutrient for the body found inside and outside of cells

Cats get most of their water from their food, compared to a water dish

What is fat and what could happen without it

Most concentrated source of energy two times more than carbs animal, fat fish, vegan oil

Fat deficiencies may include dry, skin dermatitis, decreased fertility, impaired hearing and can cause many other issues

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Micronutrients absorbed along with dietary fats and stored within the liver and adipose tissue, comprising vitamins A, D, E, and K.

By-Products

Secondary clean, nutritious meat parts derived from animal processing other than skeletal muscle (such as organ meats), excluding hair, horns, teeth, and hooves.

Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)

The intravenous delivery of an all-inclusive sterile nutritional mixture (glucose, amino acids, vitamins, lipids, and electrolytes) administered via a dedicated central line to prevent severe phlebitis of smaller peripheral veins.

Esophagostomy tube

Please directly into esophagus through the neck needs anesthesia to place , but don’t have to check placement before each feeding can feed any day that will fit through the tube

Prescription diets

Several dog food companies have full dog food lines of prescription diets veterinary prescribed

BMR

Basal metabolic rate

Nasoesophageal (NE) Tube

A narrow-bore feeding tube passed through the nasal cavity into the distal esophagus for short-term nutritional support ($<1\,\text{week}$), requiring confirmation of correct anatomical placement prior to each feeding.

Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) Tube

A durable feeding tube placed directly into the stomach, duodenum, or jejunum under endoscopic guidance and general anesthesia, indicated for long-term enteral nutritional management.

Resting Energy Requirement (RER)

The daily basal energetic requirement calculated for a recovering animal at rest in a thermoneutral environment, determined using the formula $\text{RER} = 70 \times (\text{body weight in kg})^{0.75}$ or $\text{RER} = 30 \times (\text{body weight in kg}) + 70$ for animals weighing $2\text{--}45\,\text{kg}$.

Chemical substances are needed for bodily functions

Carbohydrates, vitamins, amino acids

What is protein?

Large molecules made up of chains of smaller compounds called amino acids many different sizes colors and can create many different things

Protein requirements

Puppies equals 30%

Kittens equals 35%

Adult dogs is 15%

Adult cats indoor versus outdoor is 25 to 35%

When protein is not provided in necessary amounts

Skeletal muscles will be used as the energy source

What are nutritional carbohydrates?

Usually supplies, the largest portion of energy in pet foods

Simple equals broken down quickly by the body

Complex equals sugar molecules that are strong together in long complex chains

Nutritional fibers

..

nutritional minerals?

Need to determine what minerals are lacking “diet health status” to determine what needs to be supplemented in …. There are so many minerals

calcium, and phosphorus supplementations at a ratio of 2 :1 calcium can bind phosphorus and prevent absorption

Nutritional vitamins

Water soluble can dissolve in water

Fat soluble, absorbed and stored in bodies fatty tissue, and in liver, A,D, E, K

Types of diets and commercial food

Parina, Hills, Royal Keenan, Evkanuba

Canned, dry, semi moist

Dry kibble 7-2% moisture pro

More affordable than semi moist Or canned

Most convenient way to feed

Dry kibble 7-2% moisture con

Not as palatable

Semi moist pros 25 to 30% moisture

Very palatable

Semi moist 25 to 30% moisture cons

High amounts of Preservatives to maintain long shelf life

Higher soluble sugars and simple carbs, not ideal for diabetic patients

Canned 78 to 82% moisture pros

Free of preservatives

palatable

sterilized during canning process and does not require additional preservatives

Canned 78 to 82% moisture con

Once open needs to be safely fed in 3 to 5 days

More expensive