AnP

chapters 1,2,3,5, and 6

anatomical positve

palms facing forward, standing upright, arms down on the sides

superior

toward from head; above

inferior

away from head; below

anterior

towards the front of the body

posterior

towrad the back of the body

medial

towards the midline of the body

lateral

away from the midline of the body

proximal

closer to the point of attachment

distal

farther from point of attachment

superficial

toward the surface of the body

deep

away from the surface of the body

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right portions

midsagittal plane

divides body into EQUAL left and right halves

frontal (coronal) plane

divides body into anterior and posterior portions

transverse plane

divides body into superior and inferior portions

basic components of homeostatic control systems

receptor, control center, and effector

what does the receptor do in homeostatic control systems

detects the change/stimulus

what does the control center do in homeostatic control systems

receives information from the receptor and determines a response

what does the effector do in homeostatic control systems

carries out the response

negative feedback

a response the reverse/reduces original stimulus

positive feedback

a response the amplifies/increases original stimulus

Ionic bond

bond formed through the transfer of electrons, resulting in oppositely charges ions attarcting each other

covalent bond

bond where atoms share electrons

polar covalent bond

covalent bond where electrons are shared unequally

nonpolar covalent bond

bond where electrons are shared equally

hydrogen bond

a weak attraction between molecules or parts of molecule involving hydrogen

inorganic compound

compounds that generally do not contain carbon bonded to hydrogen

organic compounds

carbon-containing compounds associated with living organisms

macromolecules/ organic compounds

lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acid

main function of carbohydrates

provide energy

monosaccharide

single sugar molecule

diasaccharide

two monosaccharides joined together

polysaccharide

many sugar units joined together

majoy function of lipids

energy storage, insulation, protection, and forming cell membranes

why are phospholipids important

major components of the cell memrbane

difference between saturated and unsaturated fats

saturated fats have no carbon-carbon double bonds; unsaturated fats have one for more

what are proteins made of

amino acids

fucntions of proteins

structure, enzymes, transport, movement, defense, and regulation

primary structure of proteins

specific sequence of amino acids

secondary structure of a protein

local folding of the polypeptide chain

tertiary structure of a protein

the overall three dimensional shape of a single polypeptide

what happened when a protein is denatured

its normal shape is altered, which can cause it to lose its function

major nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

main role of DNA

store genetic information

main role of RNA

helping use genetic information to make proteins

nucleotide

basic building block of nucleic acids

dehydration synthesis

a reaction that joins smaller molecules together while removing water

hydrolysis

a reaction that breaks a larger molecule apart by adding water

three major parts of a cell

nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane

main function of the cell membrane

controls what enters and leaves the cell and is selectively permeable

two parts of a phospholipid

poplar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tails

hydrophilic

attracted to water

hydrophobic

repelled by water

function of cholesterol in the cell membrane

helps stabilize the membrane

function of ribosomes

protein synthesis

function of rough ER

protein sysnthesis

function of Smooth ER

lipid synthesis and drug breakdown

function of golgi apparatus

refines, packages, and delivers proteins from rough ER

function of mitochondria

cellular respiration and ATP production

functions of lysosomes

they digest proteins, carbs, nucleic acids, bacteria, cellular debris, and worn-out cells

function of cillia

movement

flagella vs cilia

flagella are longer, with typically on per cell

what are microfilaments made of

actin

what are mirotubules made of

tubulin

functions of microtubules

maintain cell shape and form structures such as cilia, flagella, and centrioles

functions of the nucleus

contains cell’s DNA/genetic information

nuclear envelope

membrane surrounding hte nucleus

what is the nucleolus responsible for

ribosome production

chromatin

DNA containing material in the nucleus

passive transport processes

diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and filtration

active transport processes

active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis

diffusion

movement from an area of high concentration > low concentration without ATP

facilitated diffusion

passive movement through membrane channels or transporters

osmosis

movement of water from higher water concentration toward lower water concentration

filtration

passive movement cause by pressure

active transport

movement from low concentration > high concentration using ATP

endocytosis

movement of material into the cell using a vesicle

what happens to a cell in an isotonic solution

there is no net water movement

what happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution

the cell looses water

what happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution

the cell gains water

what do tight junctions do

prevent fluids and most molecules from moving between cells

what do desmosomes do

act as anchoring/spot-weld structures that help prevent cells from tearing apart

what do gap junctions do

allow ions and small molecules to pass between cells

four major types of tissues

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue

what is the epithelial tissue responsible for

covering the body surface and lining the body cavities

what are the two ways epithelial tissue is classified

by the number of layers and cell shape

simple epithelium

epithelium with one layer of cells

stratified epithelium

epithelium with two or more layers

what determines the tissues name in stratified epithelium

the shape of the cells at the apical surface

what are important characteristics of epithelial tissue

cells are tightly packed, free surface, rests on a basement membrane, avascular, ability to regenerate

avascular

no blood vessels

how does epithelial tissue recieve nutrients if it has no blood vessles

nutrients diffuse from blood vesels in underlying connective tissue

simple squamous

single thin layer of flat cells

major functions of simple squamous epithelium

diffusion and filtration

where is simple squamous epithelium found

alveoli, capillaries, blood/lymphatic vessels, and serosae

cuboidal epithelium

one layer of cube-shaped cells

major functions of simple cuboidal epithelium

secretion and absorption

where is simple cuboidal epithelium found

kidney tubules, thyroid follicles, ovary surface, and gland ducts

simple columnar

one layer of tall, column-shaped cells

major simple columnar functions

secretion and absorption