Anatomy chapter 8 Appendicular skeleton

Pectoral Girdle

• Incomplete has an area of separation not connected in back

• Synonymous w/ shoulder girdle

• incomplete girdle: clavicle and scapula

• Sternoclavicular joint: medial end of clavicle w/ sternum

• Acromioclavicular joint: lateral end of calvicle w/ scapula

• Glenohumeral joint: scapula w/ humerus

Clavicle

• collarbone

• S-shaped

• easily palpated

• Brace shoulder

• most commonly fractured bone

Scapula

• Anterior view

  • Shoulder blade

  • Borders: superior, medial, lateral

  • Acromion: articulates w/ clavicle

  • coracoid process: for biceps attachment

  • Glenoid cavity: socket for humerus

  • Subscapular fossa

• Posterior view:

  • Overlies ribs 2 to7

  • Angles: Superior, inferior, lateral

  • Spine:ridge on posterior surface

    • Acromion: apex

    • Supraspinous fossa (superior)

    • Infraspinous fossa (inferior)

Upper limb

Three regions containing 30 bones/limb

• Brachium: shoulder to elbow

  • Humerus

• Antebrachium: forearm

  • radius, ulna

• Hand (manus)

  • 27 bones including: carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

Humerus

• Proximal end

  • head for glenoid

  • intertubercular sulcus for biceps’ tendon

• Distal end

  • capitulum for radius

  • trochlea for ulna

  • Olecranon fossa (allows elbow to bend)

    • deep posterior pit

Radius and Ulna

• Proximal ends (elbow region)

  • Radius: disc-shaped head for capitulum of humerus

  • Ulna: colecranon and trochlear notch for humerus

• Distal end: Wrist region

  • Radius: Styloid process

  • Ulna: Round head with styloid process

• radius is in line with thumb

• ulna in line with pinky

Carpals

• The carpals consist of two rows of 4 small bones

• Mneumonic: “Sally, Left, The, Party, To, Take, Cathy, Home

  • Proximal row: scaphiod, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

  • Distal row: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

Metacarpals

• Bones of palm

• 1: base of thumb

• 5: base of pinky

• Base: proximal end

• Body: shaft

• head: distal end

  • form knucles

Phalanges

• Bones of fingers

• Thumb (pollex)

  • two bones

• three bones in all others

  • 2-5

  • Proximal

  • middle

  • distal

Pelvic Girdle

• Girdle: 2 hip (sac) bones and sacrum

• Joints:

  • sacroiliac (SI) joints: sacrum meets each hip bone

  • Pubic symphysis: becomes more flexible at birth

Hip bone

• Ilium

  • lliac crest

  • lliac spines

  • Greater sciatic notch

• Ishchium

  • Ischial tuberosity

• Pubis

  • pubic rami

• Acetabulum

  • hip socket

• Obturator foramen: hold the obturator nerve, tendon, vessels

Comparing male and female pelvic girdles

• Male:

  • More robust

  • narrower

  • deeper

  • smaller pelvic inlet and outlet

  • acetabula closer together

• Female

  • adapted to childbirth

  • wider

  • shallower

  • larger pelvic inlet and outlet

  • acetabula father apart

Lower limb

four regions with 30 bones/limb

• Femoral region: thigh

  • femur, patella

• Crural (leg) region: knee to ankle

  • tibia, fibula

• Tarsal (tarsus) region: ankle

• Foot (pedal) region

  • 7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsal bones, 14 phalanges

Femur and patella

• Femur: long, strong bone thigh

  • Proximal end

    • head

    • Trichanters

  • Distal end

    • condyles and epicondyles

    • patellar surface for patella

• Patella: kneecap

  • Apex

Tibia and Fibula

Proximal ends

• Tibia: condyles and tuberosity

• Fibula: head

Shaft of tibia (shin) is anterior border

Distal ends

• Tibia: medial malleolus

• Fibula: Lateral malleolus

Ankle and foot

Tarsal

• calcaneus: heel

• Talus: most superior

• navicular

• medial, intermediate, lateral, cuneiforms

• cuboid

Metatarsals

• numbered 1-5, medial to lateral

Phalanges

• bones of toes

• great toe (hallux)

  • two bones

• Three bones in all others

  • 2-5

  • proximal, middle, distal

Amelia

complete absences of 1 or more limbs

Meromelia

partial absence of limb

polydactyly

extra fingers or toes

syndactyly

webbed digits

clubfoot (talipes)

feet are adducted and plantar flexed with soles turned medially

• most cases get corrected early cereal casting bone is not entirely formed flexibility in tendons and muscles.