Human Growth and Development - Chapter 8 Flashcards

Comprehensive review flashcards covering human growth and development across life stages, Erikson's psychosocial stages, adolescence issues, death and dying, Maslow's hierarchy, and defense mechanisms.

How does the transcript distinguish between growth and development?

Growth is measurable, referring to changes such as height, weight, body shape, and physical characteristics. Development is maturation, involving mental, emotional, functional, sexual characteristics, and social changes.

What are the four types of growth and development identified in the lecture notes?

1. Physical: body growth including height, weight, and muscle and nerve development. 2. Mental/cognitive: intellectual development including how to solve problems and make judgments. 3. Emotional: feelings such as love, hate, joy, and fear, and how to deal with situations. 4. Social: interactions and relationships with friends and families.

How can caregivers help a young child develop autonomous decision-making skills, and what is the consequence if this fails?

Letting a child make small choices (such as deciding between two shirts) helps develop autonomy and decision-making skills; if this fails, the child may develop a sense of self-doubt.

According to Erikson's theory, what is the core premise regarding unresolved psychosocial conflicts?

If an individual is not able to solve a problem or conflict, they will struggle with it later. Each stage is fundamental for the next one and prepares the person for the next level.

What is the basic conflict, developmental event, and outcome of Erikson's Infancy stage ($0-1$ year)?

Conflict: Trust vs. Mistrust. Event: Feeding. Caregivers are responsible for providing basic care, allowing the infant to develop trust in self and others; if needs are not met, the child may become uncooperative.

What is the basic conflict, developmental event, and outcome of Erikson's Toddler stage ($1-3$ years)?

Conflict: Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt. Event: Toilet training. If allowed to discover themselves, toddlers develop self-confidence; if not, they may develop self-doubt.

What is the basic conflict, developmental event, and outcome of Erikson's Preschool stage ($3-6$ years)?

Conflict: Initiative vs. Guilt. Event: Independence / locomotor activities. The child learns right from wrong; if encouraged, they will follow their interests, but if discouraged, they will feel guilt.

What is the basic conflict, developmental event, and outcome of Erikson's School Age stage ($6-12$ years)?

Conflict: Industry vs. Inferiority. Event: School. If children receive recognition, they become hardworking; if they receive negative feedback, they may lose motivation.

What is the basic conflict, developmental event, and outcome of Erikson's Adolescence stage ($12-18$ years)?

Conflict: Identity vs. Role confusion. Event: Peer relationships. If parents let the child explore, they develop identity; if parents push or restrict them, the adolescent may feel lost and experience role confusion.

What is the basic conflict, developmental event, and outcome of Erikson's Young Adult stage ($19-40$ years)?

Conflict: Intimacy vs. Isolation. Event: Relationships. If young adults can form long-term relationships, they are happy; if not, they may feel isolated and lonely.

What is the basic conflict, developmental event, and outcome of Erikson's Middle Adulthood stage ($40-65$ years)?

Conflict: Generativity vs. Stagnation. Event: Parenting / family and friends. Adults seek satisfaction and obtain success; if not accomplished, they feel a lack of purpose in life and a sense of failure.

What is the basic conflict, developmental event, and outcome of Erikson's Older Adulthood stage ($65+$ years)?

Conflict: Ego integrity vs. Despair. Event: Reflection on life. If individuals feel they did good in life, they develop feelings of contentment; if not, they develop feelings of despair and become bitter.

What are the typical weight and height measurements for newborns and infants by age $1$?

Newborns measure $6-8\,\text{pounds}$ and $18-22\,\text{inches}$. By the first year, infants weigh around $21-24\,\text{pounds}$.

What motor coordination milestones occur in infants at 2-4 months, 4-6 months, and 6-8 months?

At $2-4\,\text{months}$, infants roll from side to back and try to grab objects. At $4-6\,\text{months}$, they can turn their body completely and hold their head while sitting. At $6-8\,\text{months}$, they sit without resistance and crawl on their stomach.

What motor milestones occur in infants between 8 and 12 months?

At $8-10\,\text{months}$, infants crawl and pull themselves from a sitting to a standing position and vice versa. At $10-12\,\text{months}$, teeth start to show and they can walk without assistance.

How do emotional responses develop during infancy from birth to $12\,\text{months}$?

Newborns show excitement. By $4-6\,\text{months}$, infants display anger and fear. By $12\,\text{months}$, they show affection to caregivers.

What physical and digestive developments occur during early childhood ($1-6$ years)?

Physical growth slows down, muscle coordination enables running, climbing, writing, drawing, and using a fork and knife, children learn bladder and bowel control, and the digestive system matures to handle most adult food.

What are the key mental and language development milestones for a child by age $4$ and age $5$?

At age $4$, children ask questions, recognize words/letters, and begin learning to read and write. By age $5$, their vocabulary progresses to $1{,}500-2{,}500\,\text{words}$.

What are the signs and symptoms of Autism listed in early childhood development?

Avoiding eye contact, difficulty understanding feelings, delayed speaking, repetitive behaviors, resistance to change, and strong reactions to loud sounds.

What are the physical growth rates and cognitive developments of late childhood ($6-12$ years)?

Children gain $4-7\,\text{pounds}$ per year and grow $2-3\,\text{inches}$ per year. Motor sensory development becomes complete, and children understand loyalty, honesty, values, and morals, while beginning to make judgments.

What are the peer and social interaction patterns characteristic of ages $7$ and $8-10$ in late childhood?

At age $7$, children prefer activities they can do by themselves. Between ages $8-10$, they participate more in group activities with members of their own sex, tend to make more friends, and become less dependent on caregivers.

What physical changes and growth spurts occur during adolescence ($12-18$ years)?

Adolescents undergo a rapid growth spurt in weight and height lasting $2-3\,\text{years}$ ($11-13$ in girls, $13-15$ in boys). Muscle coordination temporarily decreases, leading to clumsiness and awkwardness.

What secondary sex characteristics appear during puberty in girls and boys?

Girls experience menstruation, breast development, widened hips, and pubic hair. Boys experience sperm production, a deeper voice, and pubic, facial, and body hair.

What three major health and behavioral problems are highlighted during adolescence?

1. Eating disorders: excessive concern with appearance leading to anorexia, bulimia, or bulimarexia. 2. Chemical abuse: alcohol or drugs used for anxiety, stress relief, or escape from emotional problems. 3. Suicide: caused by depression, loss of a loved one, school failure, or inability to meet expectations.

What are the warning signs of suicide in adolescents?

Sudden changes in appetite or sleep, depression, moodiness, excessive fatigue, neglect of hygiene, lost interest in hobbies, preoccupation with death, giving away possessions, alcohol/drug use, and social withdrawal.

Why is early adulthood ($19-40$ years) considered the most productive life stage?

Motor and muscular coordination are peak, individuals produce the healthiest babies, complete formal education, establish careers, start families, and take responsibility for their personal values and choices.

What reproductive and physical changes occur during middle to late adulthood ($40-65$ years)?

Hair turns gray and thin, skin wrinkles, muscle tone decreases, and hearing loss occurs. Women go through menopause (decreased hormones and physical/emotional changes). Men experience male climacteric (slowing hormones), but never lose the ability to produce sperm unless due to injury, disease, or surgery.

What causes intellectual decline in older adulthood, and which memory function declines first?

Short-term memory is the first to decline. Decline is caused by conditions like Alzheimer's (loss of memory, deterioration of intellectual functions) and Arteriosclerosis (decreased blood supply to the brain, reducing mental abilities).

What are the four stages of dying and death outlined in Chapter 8?

1. Denial: the patient cannot accept reality ('No, not me') and refuses to discuss the illness. 2. Anger: hostility, bitterness, and asking 'Why me?'. 3. Bargaining: feelings of sadness, despair, and regret over uncompleted goals and leaving family. 4. Acceptance: patients separate themselves from others, find peace, but still need emotional support and physical touch.

What is the philosophy and eligibility criteria for hospice care?

Hospice offers palliative care providing support and comfort (psychological, spiritual, financial, and medication) for patients with $6\,\text{months}$ or less to live, with the philosophy of allowing patients to die with dignity and comfort.

How do the 'Right to Die' and 'Death with Dignity' concepts differ in the notes?

Right to Die (Self-Determination) allows a patient with a terminal illness to refuse treatment. Death with Dignity allows assisted suicide for mentally competent patients with a terminal illness or low quality of life.

What are the five levels of Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs, from lowest to highest?

1. Physiological: basic needs including food, water, and protection from elements. 2. Safety and Security: free from fear and anxiety. 3. Love and Affection: feeling of belonging. 4. Esteem: self-respect. 5. Self-Actualization: achieving full potential.

How does the transcript distinguish between Repression and Suppression?

Repression is an unconscious defense mechanism where feelings or emotions become too painful for the mind to deal with (the person is unaware). Suppression occurs when a person is consciously aware of unacceptable feelings but refuses to deal with them.

How are Rationalization, Projection, and Displacement defined as defense mechanisms?

Rationalization: using a reasonable excuse or explanation for behavior to avoid the real reason. Projection: placing the blame for one's own actions on someone else rather than accepting responsibility. Displacement: transferring feelings about one person to someone else.

How are Compensation, Daydreaming, Denial, and Withdrawal defined as defense mechanisms?

Compensation: substituting one goal for another. Daydreaming: escaping through fantasy when not satisfied with reality. Denial: disbelief of something too shocking to cope with. Withdrawal: ceasing communication or removing oneself from a situation.