Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

Frontal Lobe

Planning, judgment, decision-making, personality, emotional regulation, and voluntary movement.

Parietal Lobe

Processes touch, bodily sensations, spatial awareness, and body-part position.

Temporal Lobe

Auditory processing, language comprehension, and memory formation.

Occipital Lobe

Processes and interprets visual information, including shapes, colors, and patterns.

Insular Cortex (Insula)

Internal body awareness, emotional awareness, empathy, and pain processing.

Cerebellum

Coordinates movement, balance, posture, accuracy, and timing.

Executive Dysfunction

Difficulty planning, organizing, and managing tasks.

Impulsivity

Acting without adequately considering consequences.

Astereognosis

Inability to recognize an object through touch alone.

Spatial Neglect

Failure to attend to one side of surrounding space.

Proprioception

Awareness of the position and movement of body parts.

Wernicke's Aphasia

Fluent speech that may lack meaning, with impaired language comprehension.

Broca's Aphasia

Difficulty producing fluent, meaningful speech.

Anterograde Amnesia

Difficulty forming new long-term declarative memories after an injury.

Hemianopia

Loss of vision in half of the visual field.

Visual Agnosia

Difficulty recognizing objects visually despite being able to see their features.

Interoception

Awareness of internal bodily states, such as hunger or heart rate.

Ataxia

Poor coordination of voluntary movement.

Dysmetria

Overshooting or undershooting a target during movement.

Intention Tremor

Tremor that becomes more noticeable when approaching a target.

Dysarthria

Difficulty articulating speech because of impaired motor control.

Broca's Aphasia vs. Wernicke's Aphasia

Broca's affects speech production; Wernicke's affects language comprehension.

Frontal Lobe vs. Cerebellum

Frontal lobe plans and directs; cerebellum coordinates and corrects movement.

Parietal Lobe vs. Occipital Lobe

Parietal processes touch and space; occipital processes vision.

Hippocampus

Helps form new long-term declarative memories.

Primary Motor Cortex

Controls voluntary movement.

Prefrontal Cortex

Supports executive functions, planning, judgment, and emotional regulation.

Why can someone have healthy eyes but impaired vision recognition?

The brain may be unable to properly process and interpret visual information.

Why can old memories remain while forming new memories becomes difficult?

The hippocampus helps form new memories while other memory systems may remain intact.

Alex Case Study

Frontal lobe: disorganization, emotional outbursts, impulsivity, and slow right-side fine motor movement.

Sam Case Study

Parietal lobe: inability to identify objects by touch and neglect of the left side of space.

Jordan Case Study

Temporal lobe: difficulty understanding speech and forming new memories.

Taylor Case Study

Occipital lobe: impaired visual recognition despite healthy eyes.

Maya Case Study

Insular cortex: reduced awareness of hunger, heart rate, and body temperature; difficulty recognizing emotions.

Chris Case Study

Cerebellum: unsteady walking, inaccurate reaching, intention tremor, and irregular speech.

What school support can help executive dysfunction?

Break assignments into smaller steps and use a planner.

What is the difference between movement control and coordination?

Movement control directs voluntary actions; coordination refines their accuracy, timing, and balance.

What is the primary function of Wernicke's area?

Language comprehension.

What is the primary function of Broca's area?

Speech production.

What does damage to the parietal lobe potentially cause?

Astereognosis, spatial neglect, and impaired proprioception.

What does damage to the cerebellum potentially cause?

Ataxia, dysmetria, intention tremor, poor balance, and dysarthria.

What does damage to the insular cortex potentially cause?

Reduced awareness of internal body signals and difficulty recognizing emotions.

What does damage to the occipital lobe potentially cause?

Visual field loss or difficulty recognizing objects by sight.

What does damage to the temporal lobe potentially cause?

Language comprehension difficulties and impaired formation of new memories.

What does damage to the frontal lobe potentially cause?

Impulsivity, poor judgment, disorganization, emotional changes, and motor difficulties.

14th Amendment Connection to Brain Injury Study

Not covered in this study guide.