AP Psychology Unit 0 Quiz

Psychodamic approach

• emphasis the role of the unconscious: a repository of memories, feelings, and drives many of them unwanted, that are beyond the reach of conscious awareness

• 3 conflicting parts of personality: ID, superego, and ego

• The ID holds our wants and desires and is primarily motivated by sex and aggression. the superego, in contrast acts as our conscience and leads us to “do “The right thing”. Superego and ID are often at odds with each other. To negotiate the conflicting forces, the ego allows people to get what they want and desire within the confines set by society (reality principle)

• personality shaped by the time we are 6 or 7

• can’t be studied objectively

• importance of childhood events on shaping behavior

Behavioral approach

• study of stimulus and response learning

• behaviorists focus on observable behavior

• law of effect: responses that produce a satisfying effect will likely be repeated those that don’t likely will not be repeated

• rests on the tenet that behaviors will be rewarded and those that are punished will eventually be extinguished

• little emotional Albert, salivating dogs, B.F Skinner pigeons

Cognitive approach

• studies how thinking and perception influence behavior

• memory, problem-solving, decision making, and perception

• internal functions driving behavior

Humanistic approach

• focuses on the potential of people and their drive to be their best

• hierarchy of needs- people move from basic biological needs to their potential

• humanists believe people do have free will and ultimately responsible for the decisions they make, regardless of what they have learned in the past.

Sociocultural approach

emphasizes impact of people’s culture, religion, ethnicity, gender, income level, and overall environment on the individual they become

Biological approach

• examines how genetics, the nervous system, hormones, and brain structures influence a person’s thinking and behavior

• examines how biological factors may cause a lack of functioning and how biological treatments may improve certain conditions

Evolutionary approach

examines how behavior and mental processes serve as adaptions for survival and reproduction

• evolutionary psychologists may examine why people are attracted to those with certain physical traits because those traits tend to be associated with higher changes for successful reproduction

Biopsychosocial model

• interactions of a patients biology, personality, and social influences

• ex: someone who grows up in a family of smokers (social) might be more likely to become a smoker because of a desire to belong (psychological), and smoking is a known disease causing behavior (biological)

Confirmation bias

people tend to look for, interpret, or remember information in a way that confirms what they already believe.

• can distort thinking and lead to incorrect conclusions

Hindsight bias

• “I knew it all along effect”

• Tendency to see events that have already occurred as being more predictable than they were before they took place.

• ex: ‘I knew they were going to win”

Falsifiable

A statement that can be tested and potentially proven false through observation or experimentation

• able to be proven false

Replication

The process of repeating or reproducing a research study to determine if it’s finding can be consistently observed

Reliability

measure or test considered reliable if it produces consistent results under similar conditions

Validity

extent to which a research study or measurement tool accurately measures what it intends to measure

Likert Scales

• surveys and question-ares to assess people’s attitudes, opinions or perceptions

• Ex: I enjoy spending time with friends: agree, strongly agree, neutral, disagree

Structured interviews

predetermined questions

Survey technique

open-ended questions, self report measures

Naturalistic Observation *

Research method where researchers observe and record behavior in real world settings without intervention or manipulation

Case study *

research method that an in-depth examination of a single individual, group, or phenomne takes place

Correlational research

• Scientific method used to examine the relationship between 2 or more variables

• does not include manipulation and instead focuses on observing and measuring naturally

• Ex: examines the relationship between sugar consumption and hyperactivity among children

3rd variable problem

the possibility that a third, unmeasured variable may be influencing the relationship between the two variables of interest

• Ex: as ice cream sales go up, the crime rates increase, 3rd variable the warm weather

Correlation coefficient

statistical measure used in correlational research to quantify the strength and direction of the relationship between 2 variables

• represented by the symbol “R” and ranges from -1 to 1

Positive correlation

a correlation coefficient of +1 indicates a perfect positive relationship

• variables moving in the same direction

• ex: relationship between weight and height

Negative correlation

a correlation coefficient of -1 indicates a perfect negative relationship

• variables moving in opposite directions

• ex: the more hours spent on social media, the lower the grades

experimental method *

research technique used to investigate cause and effect relationships between variables

• researchers manipulate one variable and measure it’s effect on another variable

Random assignment

research method used to assign participants to different groups in an experiment randomly

placebo effect

individuals experience improvement in their condition solely because they believed they are receiving a beneficial treatment rather than due to any active ingredient or physiological mechanisms in the placebo itself

Meta analysis *

statistical analysis of multiple research studies on the same topic to draw overall conclusions