UNIT 1

Evolutionary Perspective

Viewpoint that examines human behavior and mental processes in the context of natural selection and evolution.

Twin Studies

Research comparing identical twins and fraternal twins to assess genetic versus environmental influences on traits.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord, responsible for processing information and coordinating responses.

Neurons

Specialized cells that carry electrical and chemical signals throughout the nervous system.

Reflex Arc

The neural pathway that controls an involuntary response to a stimulus, involving sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons.

Depolarization

The process by which a neuron's membrane potential becomes more positive, leading to the generation of an action potential.

Neurotransmitters

Chemicals released by neurons to communicate with other neurons, influencing various functions in the brain and body.

Brain Stem

The part of the brain responsible for regulating vital functions such as heart rate and breathing.

Cerebellum

The brain structure that coordinates movement, balance, and motor learning.

Circadian Rhythm

The biological clock regulating the sleep-wake cycle over a roughly 24-hour period.

NREM Sleep

Non-Rapid Eye Movement sleep consisting of stages crucial for physical restoration and immune function.

REM Sleep

Rapid Eye Movement sleep, characterized by high brain activity, dreaming, and paralysis of voluntary muscles.

Absolute Threshold

The minimum intensity at which a stimulus can be detected at least half the time.

Weber's Law

Principle stating that the ability to perceive differences in stimuli depends on the ratio of change rather than a fixed amount.

Gate Control Theory

Theory that explains how the spinal cord can modulate pain signals, affecting pain perception.

Homeostasis

The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

Biopsychosocial Model

An approach that considers biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding health and illness.

Eustress

Positive stress that helps motivate and energize individuals.

Distress

Negative stress that can cause anxiety and impair functioning.

Coping Mechanisms

Strategies used to manage stress and mitigate its effects on well-being.

Psychotherapy

The use of psychological techniques to help individuals improve mental health and well-being.

Cognitive Dissonance

Psychological discomfort experienced when holding contradictory beliefs or behaviors.

Social Norms

Unwritten rules that dictate acceptable behavior in social contexts.

Altruism

Selfless concern for the well-being of others.

Positive Psychology

The study of what enables individuals and communities to thrive, focusing on strengths and well-being.

Diathesis-Stress Model

Theory suggesting that mental disorders develop when a person with a genetic vulnerability experiences a stressful life event.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Disorder characterized by unwanted and intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) aimed at reducing anxiety.

Bipolar Disorder

A mental health disorder marked by extreme mood swings, including emotional highs (mania) and lows (depression).

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Model illustrating the body's response to stress in three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

Post-Traumatic Growth

Positive psychological change experienced as a result of adversity and challenges, leading to a deeper appreciation for life.