Chap 13

Mechanoreceptors respond to mechanical forces such as __________, pressure, vibration and stretch.

touch

Thermoreceptors respond to __________ changes.

temperature

Photoreceptors respond to __________, such as those in the retina.

light

Chemoreceptors respond to __________ in solution.

chemicals

Nociceptors respond to potentially __________ stimuli that result in pain.

damaging

Exteroceptors are sensitive to stimuli arising __________ the body.

outside

Interoceptors respond to stimuli __________ the body.

within

Proprioceptors respond to __________ stimuli.

internal

Receptors for special senses include __________, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste.

vision

Nonencapsulated nerve endings are present __________ in the body.

nearly everywhere

Encapsulated nerve endings include Meissner’s corpuscles and __________ corpuscles.

Pacinian

Survival depends on __________ and perception.

sensation

The somatosensory system receives input from exteroreceptors, proprioceptors, and __________.

interoceptors

Three levels of neural integration include receptor level, __________ level, and perceptual level.

circuit

Pain threshold is the perception of pain at roughly the same __________ intensity.

stimulus

Visceral pain results from noxious stimulation of receptors in organs of the __________ and abdominal cavity.

thorax

Mixed nerves contain both __________ and motor fibers.

sensory

Cranial nerves are associated with the __________ and consist of 12 pairs.

brain

The cervical plexus is formed from ventral rami of the first __________ cervical nerves.

four

Hilton’s law states that any nerve serving a muscle that produces movement at a joint also innervates the __________.

joint

Inborn reflexes are rapid, predictable motor responses that are __________ and unlearned.

involuntary

Stretch reflexes are monosynaptic and __________.

ipsilateral

Tendon reflexes help to prevent damage due to excessive __________.

stretch