Unit 3: Development and Learning

teratogens

agents that can reach embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

deficits in children caused by their birth mother’s drinking during pregnancy

habituation

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation

maturation

the biological growth process that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

critical period

optimal period early in life of organism when exposure to certain stimuli/experiences produces normal development

rooting reflex

baby turns head toward touch on cheek

rooting reflex, grasping reflex, moro (startle) reflex

what reflexes do babies have?

females

are males or females better at spelling and reading?

testosterone

main male sex hormone

estrogen

main female sex hormone

gender roles

set of expected behaviors/traits for men and women

gender identity

personal sense of being male, female, neither

gender typing

acquisition of traditional masculine or feminine role

androgyny

displaying traditionally masculine and feminine psychological characteristics

males

are males or females more associated with negotiations?

social learning theory

theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

sexual orientation

direction of sexual interest

scaffold

(Vygotsky) framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operation, formal operation

list the cognitive stages that Jean Piaget defined

Jean Piaget

which psychologist emphasized how a child’s mind grows through physical environment interaction?

0-2 years

what age range is sensorimotor?

2-6 or 7 years

what age range is preoperational?

6 or 7-11 years

what age range is concrete operation?

12+ years

what age range is formal operation?

object permanence, stranger anxiety, schemas

what characteristics are in sensorimotor stage?

object permanence

awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

egocentrism, animism, pretend play, parallel play, theory of mind

what characteristics are in preoperational stage?

sensorimotor

which stage in Jean Piaget’s cognitive stages experiences the word through senses and actions?

preoperational

what stage in Jean Piaget’s cognitive stages represents things with words and images; uses intuition rather than logical reasoning?

egocentrism

having difficulty taking another’s pov

theory of mind

ability to infer mental state of others

concrete operation

which stage in Jean Piaget’s cognitive stages thinks logically about concrete events, grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations?

conservation, mathematical transformations

what characteristics are in concrete operation stage?

conservation

principle that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape

formal operation

which stage in Jean Piaget’s cognitive stages thinks logically about abstract concepts?

Lev Vygotsky

which psychologist emphasized how a child’s mind grows through social-cultural environment interaction?

zone of proximal development

(Vygotsky) zone between what a child can and can’t do