l3 identification rizal

19th Century Philippines

A crucial period in Philippine colonial history marked by major political, economic, and social transformations.

Viceroyalty of New Spain

The Mexico-based colonial government through which Spain indirectly administered the Philippines for more than 200 years.

Napoleon Bonaparte's Invasion of Spain (1808)

The French invasion of Spain under Napoleon Bonaparte that caused changes in the Spanish government.

Napoleon Bonaparte

The French general who invaded Spain in 1808 to expand his empire in Europe.

Cortes of Cádiz (1810)

An assembly attended by representatives from different territories of the Spanish Empire to discuss government and the drafting of a constitution.

Ventura de los Reyes

The representative of the Philippines in the Spanish Cortes.

Cadiz Constitution (1812)

A constitution that aimed to limit the king's power, establish constitutional government, and provide certain rights and freedoms.

Constitutional Government

A form of government in which the ruler's power is limited by a constitution.

King Ferdinand VII

The Spanish king who returned to power in 1814 and abolished the Cadiz Constitution.

Absolute Monarchy

A system of government in which the king holds extensive power.

Latin American Revolutions (1810–1820s)

A series of revolts in Spanish colonies in Latin America seeking independence from Spain.

Independence of Mexico (1821)

The event that ended Mexico's administration of the Philippines and led to direct Spanish rule.

Andrés Novales Revolt (1823)

An uprising led by Andrés Novales against Spanish authorities that was quickly suppressed.

Andrés Novales

The leader of the 1823 revolt against Spanish authorities in the Philippines.

Carlos María de la Torre (1869–1871)

A liberal Spanish Governor-General who introduced reforms that limited the political influence of Spanish friars.

Liberal Reforms

Changes introduced to make colonial governance less restrictive and provide a more liberal approach toward Filipinos.

Maura Law (1893)

A law that introduced reforms in local governance and land administration, expanding municipal autonomy while worsening land dispossession.

Rafael de Izquierdo

The conservative Governor-General who replaced Carlos María de la Torre and reversed some liberal reforms.

Cavite Mutiny (1872)

An uprising of soldiers and workers at the Cavite arsenal against Spanish authorities.

Centralized Government

A system in which major decisions are controlled by the central government, requiring local matters to be referred to the Governor-General in Manila.

Local Autonomy

The ability of municipalities and provinces to make decisions about their own local affairs.

Land Title

A document used to prove ownership of land.

Hacienda System

A system involving large agricultural estates owned by wealthy individuals, private landowners, or religious orders.

Tenant / Kasama

A farmer who works on land owned by another person instead of owning the land.

Land Dispossession

The loss of land or control over land, often experienced by farmers who could not properly understand or prove their ownership through documents.

Subsistence-Based Production

A system in which people produce goods mainly for their own consumption rather than for export.

Bourbon Reforms

Reforms that helped shift the Philippine economy from subsistence-based production toward export-oriented agriculture.

Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade

The trade system between Manila in the Philippines and Acapulco in Mexico.

End of Galleon Trade (1815)

The termination of the Manila-Acapulco trade system, encouraging diversification and expansion of the Philippine colonial economy.

Export-Oriented Agriculture

Agricultural production focused on growing products for export to other countries.

Opening of Manila to Foreign Trade (1834)

The event that allowed foreign merchants to trade and invest more freely in the Philippines.

Foreign Investors

Foreign individuals or businesses that invest in the Philippine economy.

Local Commercial Elites

Wealthy and influential Filipinos who gained opportunities through expanding trade and export production.

Principalia

A local elite group included among the emerging commercial elites discussed in the lesson.

Opening of Other Ports (1850s–1860s)

The gradual opening of ports such as Sual, Iloilo, Zamboanga, and Cebu, which expanded international trade.

Suez Canal (1869)

A canal that shortened travel between Europe and Asia, accelerating trade, migration, and the circulation of ideas.

Migration and Circulation of Ideas

The movement of foreign travelers and the spread of their culture, lifestyle, technology, and ideas into the Philippines.

Sugar

One of the three major Philippine export products during the 19th century.

Abaca

One of the three major Philippine export products during the 19th century.

Tobacco

One of the three major Philippine export products during the 19th century.

Frailocracy

A system of governance in which Spanish friars held considerable power and influence in society.

Regular Clergy

Religious priests belonging to religious orders.

Secular Clergy

Priests who were not members of religious orders and who included Filipino priests.

Secularization Movement

A movement seeking to transfer parish administration from regular friars to the secular clergy.

Father Pedro Pelaez

A major advocate of the Secularization Movement who defended the right of secular priests to administer parishes.

Father José Burgos

A priest who continued advocating for secularization and was later executed with Mariano Gomez and Jacinto Zamora.

Expulsion of the Jesuits (1768)

The removal of Jesuit priests from the Philippines under the order of King Charles III of Spain.

Return of the Jesuits (1859)

The return of the Jesuits to the Philippines, which intensified competition over parish administration.

Royal Decree (1861)

A decree that transferred parishes administered by Filipino secular priests to the Augustinian Recollects.

Gomburza

The collective name for the three Filipino priests Mariano Gomez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora.

Mariano Gómez

One of the three Filipino priests executed in 1872 and known as part of Gomburza.

José Burgos

A Filipino priest and advocate of secularization who was executed in 1872.

Jacinto Zamora

One of the three Filipino priests executed in 1872 and known as part of Gomburza.

Cavite Mutiny (January 20, 1872)

The uprising of soldiers and workers at Fort San Felipe in Cavite against Spanish authorities.

Execution of Gomburza (February 17, 1872)

The execution of Mariano Gomez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora by garrote in Bagumbayan.

Guardia Civil (1852)

A force established by Royal Decree to suppress banditry and uprisings and strengthen colonial control and public order.

Cuadrilleros

A local force formed by the colonial government to protect people, maintain order, and capture bandits.

Banditry / Tulisanes

The spread of groups involved in stealing and other criminal activities.

Educational Decree of 1863

A decree that established the first comprehensive public school system in the Philippines, including free primary education.

Public Education

A system of formal education that expanded access to primary schooling for boys and girls in every town.

General Inspection of Public Works (1866)

An institution established to supervise colonial public works, including roads, bridges, railways, and ports.

Telegraph

A communication technology that helped speed up the exchange of information between different places.

Propaganda Movement

A movement led by patriotic leaders and students in exile to promote reforms and the welfare and equal rights of Filipinos.

First Generation of Patriots

Earlier patriotic Filipinos who were exiled abroad and helped establish the foundations of the Propaganda Movement.

Second Generation: The Propagandists

The later group of Filipino reform advocates, including Rizal, del Pilar, and Lopez Jaena, who used writing and articles to criticize abuses.

Paciano Rizal

The older brother of Jose Rizal who was close to Father Jose Burgos and was affected by the events of 1872.

Jose Maria Basa

One of the earlier Filipino patriots who were exiled abroad.

Antonio Maria Regidor

One of the earlier Filipino patriots who were exiled abroad.

Maximo Paterno

One of the earlier Filipino patriots who were exiled abroad.

Mariano Sevilla

One of the earlier Filipino patriots who were exiled abroad.

Toribio H. del Pilar

One of the earlier Filipino patriots who were exiled abroad.

Rianzares Bautista

One of the earlier Filipino patriots who were exiled abroad.

Jose Rizal

A Filipino propagandist who went abroad during the 1880s to escape colonial persecution and advocate reforms.

Marcelo H. del Pilar

A Filipino propagandist who went abroad during the 1880s and advocated reforms.

Graciano Lopez Jaena

A Filipino propagandist who went abroad during the 1880s and advocated reforms.

Filipino Expatriates (1880s)

The second wave of Filipinos, including ilustrados and propagandists, who went abroad, especially to Spain.

Katipunan (1892)

A secret society founded by Andres Bonifacio to unite Filipinos and fight for independence from Spanish colonial rule.

Andres Bonifacio

The founder of the Katipunan in 1892