Speech Science- respiration lec 6

respiratory upper airways

nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx

respiratory lower airways

bronchial tree:

• trachea

• bronchi

• bronchioles

alveoli

lungs

boyles law

higher the volume the lower the pressure; the volume of a gas is increased, given a constant temperature, thee pressure will decrease (vice versa)

balloon vs breathing

ballon: air pressure forces balloon to stretch and expand

breathing: lungs expand and pressure drops leading to inward rush of air

air flows from ___ pressure to ___ pressure?

air flows from greater pressure to lesser pressure

lung expansion leads to ?

pressure DROP within lungs

pressure in lungs is NEGATIVE relative to the pressure outside lungs in atmosphere

lung expansion leads to ?

INCREASE pressure within lungs

pressure in lungs is POSITIVE, causing air to flow outward

relative pressure

the difference between 2 air pressures; difference between air pressure in the lungs and atmospheric pressure

zero pressure

no difference between lung pressure vs outside pressure

positive pressure

lung pressure HIGHER than outside pressure

negative pressure

lung pressure LOWER than outside pressure

thoracic cage

true ribs 1-7, false ribs 8-10, floating ribs 10-12

lungs/thoracic cage: expand in 3 ways

• front to back

• lower to higher

• laterally/sideways

pleural linkage connects?

lungs to rib cage and diaphragm

• costal/parietal pleura: lines rib cage

• pulmonary/visceral pleura: surrounds lungs

lungs

-contain no muscle

-spongy texture

-composed of 90% air and 10% solid tissue

alveoli

aprox 7 million within the adult lung

0.25 mm in diameter

highly elastic

diaphragm

Primary muscle of inspiration, involved in sneexing and hiccups

when contracted it flattens and spreads outwards pulling ribcage down and forward

2 muscle groups for breathing

inhalation:

• diaphragm

• external intercostals

exhalation

• internal intercostals

external intercostal muscles-inhalation

superficial to internal intercostal muscles

connect osseous portions of ribs to each other

run downward toward sternum

contraction raises and expands rib cage

internal intercostal muscles

run downward away from sternum

connect both osseous and cartilaginous portions of ribs

• interosseous portion: lower and compress rib cage-exhalation

• interchondral portion: raise and expand rib cage-inhalation

upper ribs move in what motion?

“pump-handle”

lower ribs move in what motion?

“bucket-handle”

torquing-inspiration

rib cage is elevated during inspiration ribs are torqued or twisted

detorquing-exhalation

cartilage tends to return to its og state; untwisting

muscles of forced expiration: anterior

• interal intercostal

• transverse thoracis

• internal oblique

• external oblique

• transevrse abdominis

• rectus abdominis

muscles of forced expiration: posterior

• subcostals

• serratus posterior inferios

• quadratus lumborum

2 forces enable lungs to change volume

• pleural linkage: maintains expansion of lungs & compression of rib cage

• restorative forces: elastic recoil forces (not muscle contraction)

passive forces of breathing

• torque: ribs are semi-flexible and have a preferred rest position

• elasticity: the internal elasticity of the soft tissues and rib torque oppose each other resulting in a rest position that keeps the lungs partially inflated

• gravity

description of breathing cycle

• starts at equilibrium point of opposing restorative forces

• diaphragm contracts (flattens downwards)

• pleural membranes stretched causing drop in intrapleural pressure

• lungs expand, drop in pressure relative to atmosphere

• abdominal structures are compressed, and abdomen protudes outward (helps pull outward the lower rib)

• extrenal intercostals contract a bot of stiffen walls of thorax which increases efficency of diaphragm (large movement of external intercostals not necessary in tidal breathing)

• air rushes inward to equalize pressure

• expansion of lungs and the lowered intraplueral pressure increase elastic recoil force

• diphragm & external intercostals relax and with recoil forces lungs & thoracic cavity decrease in volume and air rushes out

whats the average breath in tidal breathing?

12-15(20) breaths per min

exhalation is ___ in tidal breathing?

exhalation is passive in tidal breathing (no active muscle contraction)

vital capacity

maximum volume of air that lungs can hold. depends on gender/age/size/health/breathing habits

average human vital

5L

residual volume

after maximum exhalation, a volume of air remains in the lungs, approximately 25% of the total vital capicity

tidal volume

volume of air that is exchanged during any particular cycle of inhalation/exhalation

• will vary, depending upon the respiratory needs of the individual at any given movement

• approximately 15% of VC in quiet tidal breathing

4 lung volumes and capacities

• each volume is distinct with no overlap

• lung capacities described 2 or more voumes

Resting expiratory level

REL

lung volumes

• inspiratory reserve: max amount of air that can be inhaled above peaks of TV

• tidal volume: amount air exchanged during quiet breathing

• expiratory reserve volume: max amount of air that can be exhaled below the REL

• residual volume: amount of air remaining in lungs & airways after max expiration

lung capacities

• vital capacity: max amount air exhaled follwed a maximum inspiration

• total lung capacity: amount of air in lungs and airways after max inspiration

• inspiratory capacity: max amount of air that can be inhaled from the REL

• functional residual capacity: amount of air remaining below the REL

forced inhalation

occurs when a greater volume of air is inspired than during tidal breathing

• •Occurs at volumes above approximately 60% of VC

forced exhalation

occurs when the volume of air in the lungs is moved out at a rate faster than during tidal breathing and/or a greater volume of air is exhaled than during tidal breathing (below resting expiratory level)

speech breathing

Most running speech occupies the area between approximately 35% and 60% of vital capacity

Each cycle represents one Phrase Breath Group

phase breath group

words/syllables per breathe

5 changes for speech breathing (not done edit card)