Chemical Foundations: Macromolecules, Condensation, Hydrolysis

What are the four major macromolecules?

• Carbohydrates

• Proteins

• Lipids (fatty acids)

• Nucleic acids

What is a polymer?

Made up of many smaller subunits

What is a monomer?

Single subunit

What is another term for a large carbohydrate?

Polysaccharide

What is the monomer of a carbohydrate/polysaccharide?

Simple sugar (monosaccharide)

What is the monomer of a protein?

Amino acids

What is the monomer of a lipid?

Acyl group

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides

What is a common monosaccharide?

Glucose

What is the function of carbohydrates?

Quick energy sources and structure

What is the function of proteins?

• Structure

• Signals (peptide hormones)

• Protection (antibodies)

• Transporters (hemoglobin)

• Catalysts (enzymes)

What is the function of lipids?

• Stored energy

• Insulation

• Biological membranes

• Signals (steroid hormones)

What is the basic structure of proteins?

Central carbon, amino FG, carboxyl FG (acid)

How are fatty acids made?

Acyl groups are added one at a time to make polymer

What is a saturated fatty acid?

Fatty acid with no double bonds

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

Fatty acid with carbon bonds present

What is the function of nucleic acids?

Carriers of genetic materials and some modified variations can carry energy and electrons

What are the most common nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

What is the basic structure of nucleic acids?

Sugar, phosphate FG, nitrogen containing base

What makes each nucleotide unique?

The nitrogen containing base

What are the carriers of electrons?

NAD and FAD

What is the carrier of energy?

ATP

What is condensation or dehydration?

Building things by removing a molecule of water between subunits

What is hydrolysis?

The breaking down of bonds by adding molecule of water

What is polysaccharide bond produced by condensation called?

Glycosidic bond

What is protein bond produced by condensation called?

Peptide bond

What is lipid bond produced by condensation called?

Ester bond

What is nucleic acid bond produced by condensation called?

Phosphodiester bond

What are the 2 types of glycosidic bonds?

Alpha glycosidic and Beta glycosidic

What is a alpha glycosidic bond?

Hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon is below the plane of sugar ring (both sides facing up)

What is a beta glycosidic bond?

Hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon is below the plane of sugar ring (one up one down)

How do you identify the anomeric carbon?

It sits directly next to the ring oxygen and is attached to both the ring oxygen and an -OH group

What is an example of a A-glycosidic bond?

maltose

What is an example of a B-glycosidic bond?

Cellulose