Cognitive Development Midterm

A: representation  

B: embodied cognition  

C: Biologically motivated models  

Describe cognitive processes in familiar fashion to the physiological functioning of the brain 

Describe cognitive processes as operating on knowledge concepts represented in our minds  

Describe cognitive processes as the interplay between the body and the environment 

C, A, B

Which scientific model involves the identification of the underlying causes of behavior 

Determinism  

Which scientific model involves assumption that simpler explanations are preferred  

Parsimony  

Which scientific model uses observation to understand new things 

Empiricism  

Which scientific model believes theories must be stated in ways that allow them to be evaluated through observation  

Testability  

A measure used by researchers that indicates the speed at which someone completes a task is known as  

Response time

Measures how many right and wrong responses  

Accuracy  

Which brain recording technique is limited to laboratory animals because they require insertion of a recording needle into the brain 

Single-cell recording  

Which brain recording technique measures a change in blood flow to different areas of the brain 

PET Scan

From Phineas Gage, researchers learned the ______ lobe of the brain is important for reasoning abilities and control of emotion  

Frontal

In which lobe of the brain is visual information processed  

Occipital  

When EEG recordings are connected to the timing of the presentation of a stimulus it’s called ______  

Event-related potential

The MEG technique provides better _____ than EEG  

location accuracy

The _______ brain imaging technique is non-invasive and used together with other brain recordings  

fNIRS

Which approach of perception uses geons to describe an object?

Computational  

Which approach focuses on the effects of an object on you, such as walking through a door 

Perception/action  

Which approach would a tree be perceived as more than the sum of its individual parts?

Gestalt

Which part of the sensory system is responsible for transforming stimulus energy into a neural signal

Receptor cell 

Which lobe of the brain does visual information first process 

Occipital  

A fluent reader is instructed to name the ink color of the word BLUE printed in red. Compared with naming the ink color of a neutral symbol, the reader is slower and makes more errors. Which explanation is most accurate? 

Automatic word reading interferes with controlled color naming  

During a dichotic listening task, a participant shadows the message in the right ear but notices their name in the unattended left-ear message. Which model explains this 

Treisman's attention model 

A clinician must find a red triangle among red circles and green triangles. Search time rises substantially as more distractors are added.   

Effortful conjunction search requiring focused feature binding  

In a driving simulator, a participant looks directly at a pedestrian while holding a demanding hands-free phone conversation, but the driver fails to recognize the pedestrian and brakes slowly.  

Two attention-demanding tasks compete for limited resources 

While giving directions, a person's view is briefly blocked; the questionnaire is replaced, but the person does not notice. Which phenomenon and explanation are likely?  

Change blindness; attention was focused on the interaction 

a. Spotlight model  
b. Feature-integration model  

c. Filter model 

d. Attenuation model  

Att. excluded irrelevant stimuli to allow one focus on the relevant aspects of the environment  

Att. binds aspects of a scene together to identify objects  

Att. Is the focus of consciousness and can be moved around in the environment  

Att. Reduces the strength of irrelevant stimuli in environment  

C, B, A, D

Failing to notice a change in the environment from moment to moment is called  

change blindness  

In Treisman and Gelade’s experiments on visual search for a target, the target in the ________ condition pops out of the displays  

Single feature  

Study about arithmetic tasks and remembering lists of words. Looking at interference with memory. It used _______ methodology.  

Dual-task

Schneider and Shiffrin’s experiments showed when the targets and distractors were __________, the task became easier  

Of the same types  

a. Semantic memory  

b. Episodic memory  

c. Procedural  

_______ after years without practice, pick up a golf club and make an excellent swing  

_______ You know the capital of China is Beijing  

_______ you remember when you went to the theater and watched the Hunger Games  

C, A, B

Which memory storage unit in the modal model of memory holds information for a second as raw sensory information?  

sensory memory  

Which subsystem of the working-memory system controls the focus of attention  

central executive

Which subsystem of the working-memory system allows for rehearsal of information held for short-term  

phonological loop

Which is an example of procedural memory  

remembering how to make breakfast  

Sperling’s partial-report paradigm was used to demonstrate which structural features of sensory memory?  

Sensory memory has a large capacity but decays rapidly within 250-500ms  

Patient K.F. had a digit span of 2 but intact long-term learning, provides evidence for 

Existence of separate short-term and long-term stores  

Tulving’s distinction between episodic and semantic memory is defined by

Episodic = consciously recollected personal events; Semantic = decontextualized facts and concepts  

Clive Wearing, a musician with herpes of encephalitis damage to the hippocampus and frontal lobes, could still play piano and conduct but believed he had just woken up every few minutes.  

Procedural memory and some semantic memory can be preserved despite devastating episodic amnesia  

A patient who can tell you what “stethoscope” is and that Paris is capital of France, but cannot remember what he ate for breakfast or he was tested yesterday  

Intact semantic memory, impaired episodic – typical of hippocampal amnesia  

 

Which effect shows that long-term memory encoding is based on the meaning of information 

Level-of-processing  

Which effects shows that long-term memories can be strengthened by retrieving  

Testing effect

Which effect shows long-term memory retrieval is based on the match in processing type from study to test  

transfer-appropriate processing  

Which effect shows that long-term memory retrieval is based on the match in mental state from study to test 

Mood dependent memory effect 

Consolidation occurs slowly over time is called _______ consolidation 

systems

Which processes is likely cause of normal forgetting  

All of the above

A researcher asks participants to study a list of words. Participants later complete either a free-recall test or a recognition test. The researcher finds that participants remember substantially more words on the recognition test than the free-recall test.  

Recognition provides more retrieval cues than free recall 

A student studies material over several days than in one long session. Which principle is used  

Spacing effect  

Researchers ask participants to memorize a list of 20 words. Immediately afterward, they are asked to recall the words. Participants show good recall for words at the beginning and end of the list, but poorer recall for words in the middle.  

Serial position effect  

A student studies material for a test while sitting in a quiet library. On the day of the test, the student takes the test in the same library. Another student studies the same material in a noisy coffee shop but takes the test in the library. Which student would benefit from context-dependent memory? 

Student who studied in the library  

A researcher compares 2 groups learning a list of words. Group 1 is instructed to focus on the number of letters in each word. Group 2 is instructed to consider the meaning of each word and relate it to a personal experience. On a delayed memory test, group 2 recalls substantially more words.  

Group 2 engaged in deeper processing during encoding  

Memory “sin” normal forgetting overtime

transience

Memory “sin” lack of attention during encoding/retrieval  

Absentmindedness

Which memory “sin” results in unwanted memories 

persistence

Which amnesia results in an inability to explicitly retrieve memories from after the brain damage  

Cortical amnesia

Loftus studies of eyewitness memory showed that ________ can alter the memory for an event  

Post-event information/suggestions

A script is  

A stored set of actions typical of an event  

I remember taking my medicine this morning, but I only thought about it. This type of error represents ______ “sin” of memory  

Source misattribution  

I arranged to call my friend at 3:30 pm when she had a break in her schedule. However, during the day, I was busy with many tasks and forgot to call at the scheduled time. This type of memory error represents the ______ “sin” of memory  

Absent mindedness