PC versus Imperfect

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Last updated 3:07 PM on 12/17/25
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32 Terms

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Auxiliaries in French

  • avoir and *être are used to form the *passé composé* and are only used with past participles.


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Past participle rule

Only the past participle uses an auxiliary: avoir / être + past participle = past.

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Verbs that use être in the past

Mostly movement or change verbs, e.g., aller → allé, venir → venu.

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Agreement with être

Past participle agrees with subject: Elle est allée, Ils sont sortis.

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être

Infinitive: être (to be), Past participle: été; uses avoir in the past.

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avoir

Infinitive: avoir (to have), Past participle: eu.

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aller

Infinitive: aller, Past participle: allé; uses être in past.

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faire

Infinitive: faire, Past participle: fait.

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venir / prendre

venir → venu (être), prendre → pris (avoir).

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Near future rule

aller (present) + infinitive; used for things about to happen.

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Compare near future vs past

va + infinitive (future) vs a / est + past participle (past).

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What is the imperfect?

Used for ongoing actions, habits, and descriptions in the past.

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How to form the imperfect

Take nous form of present, remove -ons, add endings.

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Imperfect endings

-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.

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Irregular imperfect stem

Only one: être → ét-.

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Passé composé vs imperfect (idea)

Passé composé = completed action; Imperfect = ongoing/background.

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Comparison example

Je regardais la télé quand il est arrivé.

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Common imperfect verbs

être → était, avoir → avait, faire → faisait, aller → allait.

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How to choose the tense quickly

Ask: 1. Is it finished? → passé composé; 2. Ongoing / habit / description? → imperfect; 3. About to happen? → aller + infinitive.

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Master rule summary

No past participle → no auxiliary; Auxiliary → always past participle; va + infinitive → future; was / used to → imperfect.

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été- auxiliary used?

avoir

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eu- auxiliary used?

avoir

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fait- auxiliary used?

avoir

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allé- auxiliary used?

être

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venu- auxiliary used?

être

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sorti- auxiliary used?

être

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pris- auxiliary used?

avoir

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voulu- auxiliary used?

avoir

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pu- auxiliary used?

avoir

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dû- auxiliary used?

avoir

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passe participe avoir (to have) endings

j’ai, tu as, ill/elle/on a, nous avons, vous avez, ill/elle/on ont

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passe participe être (to be) endings

Je suis, tu es, il/elle/on est, nous sommes, vous êtes, ils/elles sont