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Auxiliaries in French
avoir and *être are used to form the *passé composé* and are only used with past participles.
Past participle rule
Only the past participle uses an auxiliary: avoir / être + past participle = past.
Verbs that use être in the past
Mostly movement or change verbs, e.g., aller → allé, venir → venu.
Agreement with être
Past participle agrees with subject: Elle est allée, Ils sont sortis.
être
Infinitive: être (to be), Past participle: été; uses avoir in the past.
avoir
Infinitive: avoir (to have), Past participle: eu.
aller
Infinitive: aller, Past participle: allé; uses être in past.
faire
Infinitive: faire, Past participle: fait.
venir / prendre
venir → venu (être), prendre → pris (avoir).
Near future rule
aller (present) + infinitive; used for things about to happen.
Compare near future vs past
va + infinitive (future) vs a / est + past participle (past).
What is the imperfect?
Used for ongoing actions, habits, and descriptions in the past.
How to form the imperfect
Take nous form of present, remove -ons, add endings.
Imperfect endings
-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
Irregular imperfect stem
Only one: être → ét-.
Passé composé vs imperfect (idea)
Passé composé = completed action; Imperfect = ongoing/background.
Comparison example
Je regardais la télé quand il est arrivé.
Common imperfect verbs
être → était, avoir → avait, faire → faisait, aller → allait.
How to choose the tense quickly
Ask: 1. Is it finished? → passé composé; 2. Ongoing / habit / description? → imperfect; 3. About to happen? → aller + infinitive.
Master rule summary
No past participle → no auxiliary; Auxiliary → always past participle; va + infinitive → future; was / used to → imperfect.
été- auxiliary used?
avoir
eu- auxiliary used?
avoir
fait- auxiliary used?
avoir
allé- auxiliary used?
être
venu- auxiliary used?
être
sorti- auxiliary used?
être
pris- auxiliary used?
avoir
voulu- auxiliary used?
avoir
pu- auxiliary used?
avoir
dû- auxiliary used?
avoir
passe participe avoir (to have) endings
j’ai, tu as, ill/elle/on a, nous avons, vous avez, ill/elle/on ont
passe participe être (to be) endings
Je suis, tu es, il/elle/on est, nous sommes, vous êtes, ils/elles sont